Primary education Essay Example for Free

Primary cultivation EssayThe World fosterage Forum in Dakar, Senegal approved a solely-embracing vision of tuition for e genuinely(prenominal) (EFA) to be achieved by 2015 based on the six goals. The six goals relate to the areas of early tikehood care and precept, universalising first cultivation, gender, youth and adolescents, prominent learning and feeling of precept. The master(prenominal) focus is on r individuallying the un contacted for ensuring complete coverage of education. With this background the Mid- Decade sagacity of culture for All was initiated to take stock of the progress make with find to EFA Goals. Corresponding to this exercise, a comprehensive re adopt of the progress make with view to Education for All in India was conducted jointly by politics of India and the subject area University of Educational Planning and Administration (NUEPA). The drink work which is a sequel to the National Report consists of a series of thematic and state re view written document. in that respect are nine thematic review papers screening all the six goals including ternary additional papers on three new(prenominal) themes, namely, teacher and Teacher Education, Management Strategies for EFA and financing of EFA in India.These thematic review papers are further followed by a series of analytical papers coat progress of EFA in twenty seven states of India. pass on reviews attempt to present a quick picture of the current level of progress in each state of India assessing the magnitude of the task involved in achieving EFA goals and projecting a realistic time frame as salutary as strategies needed to reach the goals. all(prenominal) thematic review as well as state-specific analytical review paper has been prepared by an established expert in the several(prenominal)(prenominal) area/state in close collaboration with national and state governments.The review papers along with the National Report present a comprehensive and disaggr egated picture of the progress made towards EFA goals in the country. The papers are coming out at a very opportune time when the Parliament is engaged in debating the economy to make education for all children a Fundamental Right. While the thematic papers highlight state of development of education with respect to antithetic goals of EFA, the State papers present the diversity of the situation across the country.The whole serieswould serve as an valuable independent documentation on various aspects of EFA ranging from early childhood care and education to universal elementary education and adult literacy course of studys employ authentic data sources accompanied by a review of relevant empirical enquiry. The whole send off involving the National Report along with the series of thematic and state analytical review papers were conceived and kill by Prof. Education for All Mid-Decade mind 3 early childishness attending and Education R. Govinda, NUEPA who led the entire exercise and would like to thank him copiously for his leading.Dr. Mona Sedwal who as a part of the Project Team at NUEPA contri excepted immensely to the whole exercise also deserves appreciation. The Team immensely benefited by the advice given by the Technical Advisory sort out set up under the Chairmanship of Professor A. K. Sharma for guiding the entire exercise. I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to Prof. A. K. Sharma for his invaluable guidance. Finally, I would also like to acknowledge the generous financial support provided by UNICEF and UNESCO. Ved Prakash Vice Chancellor.National University of Educational Planning and Administration 4 iv Education for All Mid-Decade perspicacity Early childhood assist and Education Editorial Note Indian Constitution directs the State to provide free and unconditional education for all children upto the age of 14. This goal has been pursued by the country for to a greater point or lessly six decades through w ith(predicate) successive development plans. The last dickens decades select witnessed significant improvements in childrens participation in schooling, accompanied by substantial increase in investments.The late(a) effort to raise resources for the sector through imposition of an education cess is major effort in that direction. Even though school education has traditionally remained a subject for action by State brasss, Government of India has, during the last two decades following the National constitution on Education 1986, begun to play a leading role. This culminated in the launching of the national programme of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan in 2001. Despite all these efforts, the final goal of providing quality education for all has eluded the country.Urgency of compass the goal has been flowerened in recent years delinquent to several national and international developments, including commitments made under the Dakar good example for Action for providing quality Education f or All by 2015, which not only covers primary education but also focus on literacy goals, gender equality and quality concerns. The Dakar Framework of Action listed the following six specific goals to be achieved by all countries. 1. Expanding and improving comprehensive early childhood care and education, especially for the most vulnerable and injusticed children.2. Ensuring that by 2015 all children, specially girls, children in difficult circumstances and those belonging to ethnic minorities, have access to and complete free and compulsory primary education of good quality. 3. Ensuring that the learning needs of all young people and adults are met through equitable access to appropriate learning and feeling skills programmes. 4. Achieving a 50 per cent improvement in levels of adult literary by 2015, especially for women, and equitable access to basic and continuing education for all adults. 5.Eliminating gender disparities in primary and secondary education by 2005, and ach ieving gender equality in education by 2015, with a focus on ensuring girls full and equal access to and achievement in basic education of good quality. 6. Improving every aspect of the quality of education, and ensuring their excellence so that recognized and measurable learning outcomes are achieved by all, especially in literacy, numeracy and indwelling liveliness skills. The National Plan of Action for Education for All (2002) in India reflects this sense of urgency felt within the country by proposing to reach the targets overmuch a coping of the international dateline.At the national level, the Constitutional Amendment in 2002 declaring education in the age group 6-14 which corresponds to the elementary education stage of schooling a fundamental right has brought the issue of universal elementary education (UEE) to the centre stage of public discourse. The country is in the affect of drawing up the legislation for effective implementation of the right for Education for All Mid-Decade Assessment 5 Early electric shaverhood Care and Education translating the constitutional provision into reality.With the progress made in recent years the goal seems to be achievable by the international time frame of 2015. But this requires systematic assessment of the various goals the present exercise is one such effort. UNESCO has been bringing out annual review of the progress made in base towards the goal of EFA through the Global supervise Report. These assessments do not reflect an encouraging picture of the Indian scene. This is an issue of serious concern for the national leadership as one sixth of the arena population lives in India.With around 65% adult literacy rate, there are more than around 350 million adult illiterates in the country. This should not be interpreted to imply that no efforts are being made to meet the challenge of EFA. Besides, the national averages do not fully reflect the diverse reality characterizing educational progress in India . In fact, it is paradoxical that while certain pockets of the country are emerging as the international hub for creating a knowledge society, certain other regions and sections of the population continue to be deprived of even basic education.It is clear that in pursuing EFA goals, not all states and regions of the country are in the similar league. The variety is too wide to draw any generalization. While some(a) states have made remarkable progress in education, practically eradicating illiteracy and achieving near universal participation of children in elementary education, several other states continue to remain far from the final goal. What is needed to progress faster in moving towards the 2015 EFA deadline in all parts of the country? This obviously demands an analytical exercise goal wise as well as statewise.It is with this objective in view that the present exercise was taken up to make an independent assessment of the progress achieved in different states and with resp ect to different EFA goals. The present series of papers constitute the outcome of such a comprehensive exercise carried out by independent experts, in collaboration with telephone exchange and State Governments. The main part of the exercise is to place before indemnity makers, planners and the civil society as a whole an analytical picture of the progress made towards EFA goals and the challenges ahead for reaching the goals in a realistic fashion.The exercise consisted of three parts. The first part consisted of presenting an overview of progress in the country with respect to six goals highlighted in the Dakar Declaration. This was mostly based on the technical guidelines for assessment prepared by UNESCO. A national report entitled Education for All Mid-Decade Assessment Reaching the unaccessible has been prepared and published jointly by NUEPA and Government of India. The Second Part consists of a series of nine thematic review papers dealing with different dimensions of Education for All keeping in view the Indian context and priorities.These include (i) Early fryhood Care and Education (ii) Universal Elementary Education (iii) Adult Education (iv) Towards Gender Equality in Education (v) Education of Adolescents and Young Adults (vi) character of Education (vii) teacher and teacher education (viii) Management Strategies for EFA and (ix) Financing of EFA. Each of these papers has been prepared by an expert or experts 6 vi Education for All Mid-Decade Assessment Early childishness Care and Education in the several(prenominal) area.The papers were reviewed by another independent expert and revised based on the observations. The third part consists of analytical papers covering all states of India. Each thematic review as well as state-specific analytical review was prepared by an established expert in the respective area/state in close collaboration with national and state governments. The state level reviews are prepared on lines similar to wha t was followed for preparing the national review. Each of them deals with comprehensively on all six goals of EFA specified in the Dakar Declaration.The present paper by Venita Kaul and Deepa Sankar examines the situation with respect to Early Childhood Care and Education comprehensively dealing with school based pre-primary education programmes as well as the more widespread ICDS programme. In fact, this is an area of little magnificence as increasing empirical evidence points to the value of providing pre school draw to children not only for improving their readiness for schooling but also as part of meeting their basic growth and development needs.Providing early childhood care and education is the first goal stated in the Dakar Framework for Action, and the National Plan of Action promises to take an integrated view of early childhood care and education. This elaborate exercise of assessing the progress in EFA should be viewed in the context of repeated assertions by the UNES CO Global Monitoring Report on EFA that Indian is at the risk of not making the global targets with respect to several EFA goals. The findings of the review clearly points out that the situation across the country is very diverse.While some States have registered fast progress on all fronts, some others continue to lag behind. Also in general, access to schooling has improved every where even though much remains to be done with respect to other goals of EFA. It is hoped that the various volumes brought out through the exercise would together present a realistic analysis and a disaggregated picture of the Education for All process and achievements in the country. R. Govinda Professor and Head Department of School and Non-formal Education National University of Educational Planning and Administration Education for All Mid-Decade Assessment.vii 7 Early Childhood Care and Education Acknowledgements This comprehensive exercise of reviewing the progress of EFA has been done through activ e involvement and support of a open turn over team of experts and officials from Government of India as well as various State Governments. The exercise was carried out under the constant guidance of the members of the Technical Advisory Group under the leadership of Professor A. K. Sharma. The task could not have been completed without the commitment and support of Professor Ved Prakash, Vice Chancellor, NUEPA. Special thanks are due to Smt.Anita Kaul, Joint Secretary, MHRD, Government of India who played a central role in conceiving and implementing the whole exercise. Financial support for the exercise came from UNICEF and UNESCO in particular, thanks are due to Mr. Samphe Lhalungpa who took personal spare-time activity in ensuring that the Project is completed smoothly. We would like to record our appreciation for the technical support and cooperation given by the NUEPA humankindation Unit and for printing and publishing the volumes. EFA Project Team National University of Edu cational Planning and Administration 8 Education for All Mid-Decade Assessment.Early Childhood Care and Education Technical Advisory Group Professor A. K. Sharma Former Director NCERT Chairperson Professor Ved Prakash Vice Chancellor NUEPA piece Joint Secretary (EE) MHRD Member Professor R. Govinda Head Department of SNFE NUEPA Member Deputy Secretary MHRD Coordinator NUEPA Project Team Professor R. Govinda Head Department of SNFE NUEPA Project Director Dr. Mona Sedwal NUEPA Project Associate Fellow Education for All Mid-Decade Assessment 9 Early Childhood Care and Education About the Authors ix Venita Kaul is Senior Education Specialist in World entrust.Prior to joining the Bank she was Professor and Head of Department of Preschool and Elementary Education at the NCERT. She has written extensively in the areas of Early Childhood Education and Early Primary education in the Indian context and has several books and papers to her credit. Deepa Sankar is an Education Economist with the South Asia Human Development Department of the World Bank. 10 Education for All Mid-Decade Assessment Management of Elementary Education Contents Preface iii Editorial Note v Acknowledgements viii Technical Advisory Group ix About the Authors x Section I Introduction 1 Section II.Early Childhood Development (ECD) The Indian Context 2 Section terzetto ECCE An Equity Issue 9 Section IV Providing for the Child in India Section V Coverage of ECCE run 25 Section VI Public Spending on Children 30 Section VII Some Significant Issues and Concerns in ECCE 36 References 11 15 43 Education for All Mid-Decade Assessment Early Childhood Care and Education SECTION I INTRODUCTION The first six to eight years of a childs life last a lifetimeknow as the early childhood stage, these years are considerably, and often irreversibly, reduced. This research finding places a very big percentage of children inglobally acknowledged to be the most critical years for life-long development, since the pace of development in these years is extremely rapid. Recent pauperization contexts, particularly in the developing world, at risk, in basis of their life chances. By the time poorer children in many countries reach school research in the field of neuroscience has provided convincing evidence that experience-based brain development in the early years sets neurological and age, they are at a significant disadvantage in cognitive and mixer ability (The World Bank, 2005b132).This early childhood stage is also biological pathways that affect health,learning and behaviour throughout life. (Mustard, 200740) It is in these early years of life that critical periods are important as a foundation for inculcation of social and personal habits and value, which are cognize to last a lifetime. It follows logically that these located for development of several cognitive, social and psychomotor competencies, which significantly contribute to later success in life. If years are crucia l and important for investing in to ensure an enabling environment for every child and thereby a sound foundation for life.This is not these critical periods are not supported by, or embedded in a stimulating andenriching physical and psycho-social environment, the chances of the childs only the right of every child, but will also impact in the long term, on the quality of human capital available to a country, like India, whose main asset in the brain developing to its full potential are years to come will be its youth power. Education for All Mid-Decade Assessment 1 Early Childhood Care and Education SECTION II EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT (ECD) THE INDIAN CONTEXT Our Cultural Heritage Early Childhood Development (ECD) programs for children in the age group of prenatal to 6 years, derive their importance from the next.Thiswealth of developmentally appropriate childcare practices is gradually becoming extinct, in the humdrum of more modern this rationale, and from the changing so cial, economic and demographic contexts over the last few decades that have often rendered homes ill-equipped provisions for children and changing social realities. to ensure optimal childcare. A look into Indias past cultural heritage indicates that traditionally, the early childhood years (from prenatal to five years) were are more specifically associated with changes in the family structure, from joint to nuclear, so that parenting, which was earlier a shared familyconsidered to lay the foundation for inculcation of basic values and social skills in children.It is believed that these values are imbibed from the tariff, is now solely the responsibility of the parents this responsibility is again often further delegated. While children from the family as the sanskaras and the scriptures advocate an attitude of lalayat or indulgence, as the worthy mode of child rearing at this stage, as compared higher socio-economic strata are often left with paid surrogate care givers, in the lo wer socio-economic communities the responsibility of childcare gets to more disciplinary approach for theolder child Much of the early care and education of the child was informal, within the family and largely through implike on to the older sisters, thus keeping them often out of school and robbing them of both their childhood and basic education.In addition, the grandmothers caring practices, stories, lullabies and traditional infant games, handed down from one generation to growing urbanization and increase in maternal employment outside the home has further affected the possibilities of 2 Education for All Mid-Decade Assessment In India, as elsewhere, these changes Early Childhood Care and Educationensuring quality informal early care and education for the young child within the home.It was this changing social context, over the years, which laid the however, the concept of early childhood care and education (integrating health, nutrition and education aspects) has been widel y accepted. India has in this seeds for the entryway of the concept of organized Preschool Education /Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) in the country. context, been able to put together a fairly supportive policy framework and has launched some major initiatives for children for this stage of development, ECCE-The BeginningThe earliestformal documentation of preschool/early childhood education, as an organized which are discussed later in the paper. As a result, there has been noticeable, though not adequate, progress over the last fifty years, in both public and mystic initiative in India, dates back to the latter half of the nineteenth century when Gijubhai Badheka and Tarabai Modak, among others, became the pioneers of provision for young children. this movement in the country. Influenced by Madame Montessoris visit to India, they established preschool education centers in Gujarat. In 1946 Three important principles of Child Development, substantiated byresearch, have steered the evolution of programs for young children from just Madame Montessori met Mahatma Gandhi, who asked her to indianize her method to make preschool education available to a large majority of children. preschool education to the concept of more integrated and holistic Early Childhood Development programs.These principles assert that (i) A childs That was the beginning of pre basic education in the rural parts of the country, largely through voluntary effort.Till Indias independence in 1947, early experiences and outcomes will determine the extent to which s/he will gain from subsequent interventions,since child development is a continuous voluntary agencies and private institutions primarily fulfilled the need for ECCE, particularly in the form of preschool education. The first and cumulative process. A recent study in US demonstrated that by the age of 3 years, gaps in learning as measured by vocabulary are already large among government initiative in this area was the sett ing up of a Central tender Welfare Board in 1953, which started a grantinaid scheme for voluntary children from different social groups (The World Bank, 2005b) (ii)A childs cognitive learning is affected by his/her socio-economic status, through theagencies. Over this half century, childs health (malnutrition, iron and Education for All Mid-Decade Assessment 3 Differentiating ECD, ECE and ECCE Early Childhood Care and Education micronutrient deficiency, and parasitic infections) and the quality of the home environment. Health, nutrition and education/ psycho-social development education has been one of its six components, in addition to health and nutrition. The nomenclature, Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) are all synergistically inter-related, and this makes a case for addressing all needs of children through a holistic approach and (iii)The childsfound its due place in the policy framework in India later in 1986 when an exclusive chapter of the National Policy on Educ ation was devoted to it. development gains will be optimized and more sustainable, if the programs address not only the child, but the childs overall context, including the ECCE was defined, in the policy in ways similar to ECD, as an integrated and holistic concept of care and education of children between 0-6 years from socially family. Consequently, Early Childhood Development (ECD) and/or ECCE as disadvantaged groups.This provision was seen as facilitating to lay the childs foundation for life and also a support emolument for girls and working mothers. understood by Indian professionals working with young children, refers to a holistic and integrated program of nutrition, health and early childhood The policy show the joyful nature of ECCE, especially for the 3-6 years olds, and discouraged any formal instruction of the 3Rs at this early stage education which caters to children from prenatal to 6/8 years and which addresses the all round development of the child from a lifecycl e perspective of education.In practice, however, ECCE programs for children have assumed various nomenclatures and definitions, depending on the priority a(See Fig 1 for an Indian Conceptual Framework). While this nomenclature of ECD is relatively recent, India has the distinction of having conceptualized and particular program serves. These include Early Childhood Education (ECE) /preschool education programs which are focused only on preschool floated perhaps the worlds largest program for children, modeled on this definition, as early as in 1975. Known as the Integrated Child Development education for 3-6 years olds (e. g. prenurseries, nurseries, kindergartens, preparatory schools, pre primary etc). These do not have any health or Services (ICDS), this program targetschildren, pregnant and lactating mothers and adolescent girls from a lifecycle perspective.Non-formal preschool nutrition component, are stand alones or part of primary schools and generally in the non-governmental or private sector. 4 Education for All Mid-Decade Assessment Early Childhood Care and Education Figure 2. 1 An Indian Conceptual Framework for Integrated Child Development Determinants Maternal health, nutrition adequacy and quality of care of newborn Safe delivery, family and community support for the mother and baby Environmental hygiene, safe body of water and sanitation Prenatal to one month Outcomes Healthy, responsivenewborn Indicators Mother not anemic or bony Child weighs more than 2500 grams Child moves head side to side on being stimulated Determinants One month to three years Outcomes emancipation from intermittent diseases (diarrhea acute respiratory infection) Nutritional auspices Curiosity, sociability Confidence selfhelp and sensory motor skills Indicators Full immunization by end of year one Completion of all prophylaxis (e. g. vitamin A) by end of 3 years Toilet trained superpower to communicate clearly and confidently Sociability and ability to stay away f rom family for a few hours Appropriate height andweight for age Age-appropriate gross motor and auditory-visual skills Three to six years Outcomes Interest in learning school readiness skills (language, numeracy psychosocial skills) Activeness, selfconfidence, awareness of environment Freedom from intermittent diseases, nutritional security Management of any identified disability Indicators Active participation in early childhood care and education activities. Ability to narrate experience confidently Demonstration of curiosity Age-appropriate self-help social skills Age-appropriate height weight tied(p) preschool attendance Nutrition adequacy, includingexclusive breast-feeding Responsive complementary feeding, quality of mother/caregiver-child interaction Immunization, management of diarrhea and other illnesses Health and hygiene practices Sensory motor and language stimulation and opportunities for play and exploration Cultural attitudes and stereotypes Determinants Qu ality early childhood care and education. Basic healthcare services including disability screening Nutrition adequacy and incidence of intermittent diseases Literacy level of parents, educational environment at home Education for All Mid-Decade Assessment 5 Early Childhood Care and Education Determinants. Early childhood care and education experience/ school readiness Access to schooling Nutritional adequacy Quality of school Socio-cultural factors extent of inclusion (gender, tribe, caste, etc. ) Early detection of learning disabilities Social average, role models and supportive home environment Safe water and sanitation, incidence of infestation and infection affecting regular attendance Female teachers Six to eight years Outcomes Sociability, selfconfidence/ selfesteem Ability to read and write, with a continued interest in learning Freedom from anemia and intermittent diseases Indicators Demonstration ofcompetencies for Class 2 by end of age 8 Regular attendance No worm infest ation or anemia Determinants Quality of school Socio-cultural factors inclusion (gender, tribe, caste), social norm Health promoting school Early detection of learning disabilities Infestation and infection occurrence, nutritional levels, particularly in girls Supportive home environment, community Eight to twelve + years Outcomes Successful completion of primary school with appropriate literacy and numeracy skills Active learning capacity Good health, nutrition Positive self-image Coping and social skills Indicators Regular school attendance.Eagerness to learn Sociability, activeness Demonstration of competencies for Class 5 at end of age 11 Motivation and confidence to continue education Source World Bank, 2004, pp. 12. It is now being increasingly realized that the ECCE stage itself has within it more than two distinct sub-stages, each with the first sub-stage of prenatal to three years, the developmental priority is ensuring health and nutritional wellbeing its own developmenta l priorities (See Figure 2. 1). ECCE can thus be further classified into the sub-stages of (a) prenatal to two and a half to three years of the mother and child, since this is thevulnerable stage for growth faltering and is also critical for brain development. This stage requires more of home- (b) 3- 4 years and (c) 4 to 5/6 years.For targeted 6 Education for All Mid-Decade Assessment parent counseling in nutrition Early Childhood Care and Education and health education and in early psychosocial stimulation. For the 3-4 years olds, the priority shifts to early learning and all round development include the more structured school readiness elements. Within this integrated framework, this paper focuses especially on the latter two sub- through a more organized center-based ECCE program, using the play waymethod. For the 4-6 years olds, this program gets further expanded to stages within Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE), i. e. for the 3-6 years olds. graph 2. 1 Child Developm ent Index 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 CDI- 1993 CDI 1999 Kerala Gujarat HP Haryana Punjab Orissa UP MP Bihar 0 CDI 2006 Graph 2. 1 shows that although almost all states showed improvements in child development related parameters, the improvements varied. The states, which had already reached higher levels of child development, improved marginally, while states with very low base indications improved faster like Bihar and UP.However, Bihar, UP, Rajasthan and MP continue to be below the all India average figures. These states are the laggard states in impairment of child development and need more focused approach to develop child related outcomes. For that, it is also important to address their provision needs, as well as the socio-economic barriers to improve child development. Education for All Mid-Decade Assessment 7 Early Childhood Care and Education Graph 2. 2 Comparative exit in CDIs using immunization Vs malnutrition indicators (2004-06)100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 104 i ndicator CDI Nagaland JK Arunachal Rajasthan Assam Manipur Bihar Uttarakhand MP Mizoram Tripura Sikkim Meghalaya Punjab All-India AP UP Orissa Delhi Chattisgarh Goa West Bengal Karnataka Gujarat Haryana Maharashtra Kerala Jharkhand TN HP 0 5 indicator CDI However, if malnutrition indicators are taken into consideration in the CDI instead of immunization, the profile in terms of absolute CDI values changes. Interestingly, this shift is more significant in the case of states which are at the higher end, for example, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh and Kerala (Graph 2. 2).Possibly, with better governance, literacy levels etc, these states demonstrate higher CDI levels when education and immunization indicators are included since both and related to the quality of service delivery. However, when impact in terms of child development outcomes are included (e. g. , underweight and stunted children), the inter-state variations get narrowed down. With states like Tamil Nadu, which have a histor y of effective feeding programs, the deterioration in CDI values indicated in Graph 2. 2 may well raise the question Is feeding enough to address malnutrition in children? 8 Education for All Mid-Decade Assessment Early Childhood Care and Education SECTION III ECCE AN EQUITY ISSUE ECCE is now emerging as a significant equity issue in the Indian context. largely an outcome of a rapid expansion of private facilities, particularly in the Despite significant expansion of the ICDS program from the eighth plan onwards, the recent NFHS-3 data shows that the status of children in the urban sector. On the other, children from the lower socio-economic strata, whose need is perhaps greater due to impoverish.

Tuesdays with Morrie Essay Example for Free

Tuesdays with Morrie EssayTuesdays with Morrie is a true story about sportswriter Mitch Albom and his best-loved college professor Morrie Schwartz. During Alboms undergraduate years at Brandeis University, when he takes every class taught by his mentor, he and Schwartz form a bond that goes beyond the typical disciple/ instructor relationship.The indite, Mitch, who is a teacher in the eyes of hope. After graduation, he entered the community, containing floating up, there was the ideal gradual disillusionment, lifes difficult to face an increasingly mammoth problem. Sixteen years later, he stumbled and mentor college reunion, but this time his teacher only last a few months to live. So, he went to fourteen of his teachers class Mitchvisits his teacher every Tuesday. The teacher, Murray. Schwarz (Morrie Schwartz), one step closer to facing death, honesty saw himself in the face of death, fear and vulnerability, admitted that their love of this world is to accept defeat, but he broke these emotions, to show life after Che Qingming hole and quiet, and with a sense of humor.Murray not only their own courage to face death, read all the documents nine-fold meanings of death, but through conversations with students Mickey, Mickey because little by little so sophisticated and calloused heart gradually soft, let him look at life.The author dreams fade, narrow field of vision, emotional moments become stiff, have the opportunity to listen to former mentors teachings. People who read this book, it also seems to follow the Church is called to att residual the What is lifetime lesson learned to be the wisdom and warmth. This is the story that will shine, and makes you a lifetime memorable.After graduation, Albom promises to stay in touch with his professor and moves to New York City with the target of pursuing a career as a professional musician. He spends several frustrating years working odd jobs and wondering what he is doing wrong. He loses touch with all of his college takeoff rockets and Schwartz. His musical dreams are dying a frustrating death, and he feels like a failure for the first time in his life. rough that time, a favorite uncle passes away from cancer at the age of forty-four. This frightens Albom into action. He returns to school and earns graduate degrees in journalism and business administration from Columbia University in New York. Albom accepts a job as a sports writer and begins working long, grueling hours, determined not to end up at a corporal job he hates like his uncle did. He bounces around the country working for different newspapers and magazines before finally settling at The Detroit Free Press, where his career authentically begins to take off.As Alboms career grows, so do his income and his material possessions. The more he gets, the more he wants and the harder he works. During this time, he also gets married. His wife wants to uprise a family, and he promises her someday. One evening while flipping ch annels on the television, Albom catches the introduction to Nightline and hears the name Morrie Schwartz. His long-forgotten favorite professor is the subject of a Ted Koppel interview. Albom watches in snow as he learns Schwartz is dying of ALS, or Lou Gehrigs disease.Shortly after learning the diagnosis, Schwartz makes an important decision. He isnt going to hide behind his illness. He isnt going to be ashamed or afraid of dying. Hes been a teacher all his life and decides hell teach one final class, teaching his students how to die. Thats where Schwartzs old student and friend Mitch Albom comes in. After seeing the Nightline interview, Albom visits Schwartz and makes another promise to keep in touch.A few weeks later, Alboms newspaper goes on strike, and he is out of a job. Left with to a fault much time on his hands and too many unsettling thoughts in his head, he returns to Massachusetts to see Schwartz. In fact, he returns to Massachusetts every Tuesday until the end of Schw artzs life.After a couple of visits, Albom begins recording their talks, withSchwartzs permission and his encouragement. He wants to share this journey with the world and knows that Albom can help him reach beyond the walls to which his disease has jailed him. For the next fourteen weeks, Schwartz and Albom discuss everything from regrets and death to money and marriage, from family to forgiveness. Their conversations and the insights they give into the way Schwartz has lived his life and accepts his death become the foundation around which Tuesdays with Morrie is written.

Small and medium enterprises

elflike and medium enterprisesAbstractChapter 1 Introduction piffling and medium enterprises rescue different definitions in different countries. In India, it is known as the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) which is defined in hurt of investment required. The MSMEs include all the enterprises in which the rack up investment does not exceed more than Rs. 50 million. The European Commission defines SMEs on the basis of the work force employed, total turnover of the moving in and the balance sheet total. In the US, the criteria for recognition is based on the work force employed.Small and medium coatd enterprises (SMEs) argon one of the principal operate forces in frugal development. This welkin has been accepted as growth engine around the globe. A healthy and vibrant SME sector extends in a racy and sustainable economic growth. They encourage private ownership and entrepreneurial acquisitions, they atomic number 18 flexible and can adapt quickly to changing m arket demand and come forth situations. They provide employment opportunities to the masses, swear out diversify economic activity and make a significant contribution to exports thereby increasing extraneous trade.Many economies prepare acknowledged the need for growth and development of SMEs for industrial restructuring and have formulated national SME policies, programmes and enterprise development policies. Enterprise helps boost productivity, incr moved competition and innovation, thereby creating employment and prosperity, and revitalizing the communities.SMEs contribution to the foreign trade has been ever increasing. During the last decade, there has been a considerable increase in the foreign trade arising from the products of these SMEs. The coarse trade policy has been a commodious success. The policy makers in maturation countries like India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and many separate South Asian countries have been continuously re assimilateing their policies to he lp the go of these SME units.Finance is a subject of study concern to the SMEs. The financial institutions like banks and other money lending firms have come forward with plans of sustenance these units at very free-enterprise(a) rates. Subsequently, there has been an increase in the lending by such financial institutions to the SMEs. This has increased the efficiency of the SMEs to a great extent.Chapter 2 SMEs An OverviewContribution of SMEsSMEs are the backbone or the key drivers of the industrial economy. They can in like manner be described as the engines of growth of the industrial sector. Although they are distributively small, collectively they play a multiplayer role in the development of an economy. They have a multiplayer impact in developed as well as developing economies. The primary(prenominal) USP of SMEs is low cost intersection i.e. the ability to manufacture low volumes profitably, meet niche requirements, capitalize on local skills and resources, provide o utsourcing opportunities and near importantly create jobs.The at a lower place mentioned table indicates the contribution of SMEs across diverse economies. (Table-1)Table 1 Contribution of SMEs across diverse economiesThe sector has been consolidating over the course of studys. What is late is the vox and recognition of this process and its pump priming role. therefore national SME policies, programmes and enterprise development policies have been formulated to support smooth working of SMEs and to overcome major obstacles such as neglect of legislation, promotion and infrastructure. This can be done in the form of promotion programmes, positive discrimination hand holding and advocacy. indemnity initiatives seek to highlight basic SME skills in low cost production.SMEs have an impressive presence in portion industry ranging from the simple and traditional organisations to the most modern and hi-tech ones. SMEs contribute not all in terms of quantitative factors such as o utput, employment, income, investment or exports but alike in terms of qualitative factors viz the synergies they promote with large industry, their contribution towards balanced regional growth, their contribution in nurturing entrepreneurial spirit, innovation and in providing a across the nation jackpot of skilled and trained manpower.While the comparative advantage of SMEs are well acknowledged, SMEs also have their share of pros and cons which prevent them from realising their full potential. They have to face both(prenominal)(prenominal) capers such as lack of proper guidance in the initial stages, lack of funds in the clippings of crisis, lack of proper marketing strategies, intemperate competition from big players, lack of approach shot to latest technology, no proper infrastructure etc.Therefore, although new SMEs are emerging very rapidly worldwide, the go of SMEs closing down every year is also very high. Also because of the twin forces of globalization and fre e trade policy of WTO, there is a heartrending threat to the SMEs sector. It will have to reorient and reinvent itself to overcome these challenges. This can be done by restructuring the small scale organisations, and if nothing works, they have to be closed down. Closures are undesirable but sometimes they are advisable from the resource allocation point of view. Thus the high rate of entries and exits reflect the can-do nature of this sector and also explains why it is seen as an industrial incubator. As mentioned earlier, SMEs play a very important role in the development of an economy, curiously from the employment point of view. They are very effective for the generation of employment for both skilled as well as unskilled workers. Therefore restriction extensive countries should opt for SMEs. Even the underdeveloped or developing countries which are capital intensifier and cranch extensive, SMEs can be a great help. There has been increasing growth of SMEs worldwide in th e recent past. The government of the developed and developing economies have been formulating policies which promote smooth working of the SMEs. SMEs have contributed significantly in the developed as well as developing countries.In the European Economic Area (EEA) and Switzerland there are more than 16 million enterprises of which slight than 1% comprise large companies while the rest are SMEs. Two ternions of the job opportunities are provided by SMEs in this region and the remaining one third of the job opportunities are by large companies. SMEs are considered the backbone of Asia Pacific region as they account for 90% of enterprises. They provide around 32% 48% of employment and their contribution to Gross house servant Product is around 60% 80% in individual Asia Pacific economies.Even in the United States, SMEs contribute greatly. It contributed at around 43% of the net employment opportunities from 1990 1994.SMEs are considered the engine of economic growth in both devel oped and developing countries not besides because of low cost production but also because of low unit cost of persons employed as compared to large scale enterprises. Thus they provide a significant share of overall employment. Also SMEs assist in local and regional development by regional dispersion of economic activities, thus helps achieving equitable and equitable distribution of wealth. SMEs not lone(prenominal) contribute towards the GDP but also towards the export revenues.Although SMEs are at a disadvantage in terms of finance, technology, human resource development and networking SMEs involved in foreign trade are very dynamic. This may be due to its low-cost labour intensive nature of its products and since these units generally use indigenous raw-materials they have a positive effect on the trade balance. For example, SMEs in OECD member states arise about 26% of OECD countries exports, and about 35% of Asian exports. Also SMEs increase flexibility in the provision of services and the manufacture of a variety of consumer goods and competitiveness of the market give and thereby curb monopoly of large enterprises. All this leads to fostering of self-help and entrepreneurial culture by bringing together skills and capital through various lending and skill enhancement schemes. Thus SMEs not only enables an economy to maintain a reasonable growth rate but also imparts resilience to withstand economic upheavals.Chapter 3 Indias SME scenarioThe Indian Small and Medium enterprises sector formally known as the Small Scale Industries (SSI) has had a notable importance since the period of Mahatma Gandhi. SSIs were typeset up in the hoidenish parts of India with a view to inculcate the habit of self reliance amongst the plurality. Later on, after independence, the SSI units were an important source of income to the people of India. Indian policy makers had noticed the importance of this self reliant industry and had always been striving hard for their p rogress.After achieving independence in 1947, India drafted and adopted the industrial Policy of 1948 which meant that the government would act as both an entrepreneur and also as a governing body. With the beginning of the planning of a free India in 1951, the role of SMEs has been earmarked specially.In its industrial policy, the government driveed announcing special schemes for the growth of the SMEs in India. It was in 1956, during the support Five Year Plan that the government announced the Second industrial Policy, clearly stating the importance of the SME sector. This gave an impetus to the development of SMEs in a manner that made it possible for them to achieve the objectives of High contribution to domestic production. significant export earnings. Low investment requirements. Operational flexibility. Low intensive imports. Capacity to develop appropriate indigenous technology. Import substitution. Technology-oriented industries. Competitiveness in domestic and export ma rketsToday, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are the ladder of progress for a nations economy, especially in upshot of developing countries. They contribute handsomely to the exports, the industrial base, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the Gross matter Product (GNP) of the nation. Small and medium enterprises help provide employment and various facilities to the society.In 2006, the presidential term of India passed an Act known as the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Act (MSMEDA), 2006 to define SME sector of India. This Act defines micro, small and medium enterprises in India on the basis type of sector namely manufacturing and the service sector. In case of manufacturing sector, the size of the enterprise is decided on the basis of investment in plant and machinery. In case of service sector enterprise, the size is decided on the basis of investment in equipment required to set up the industry.Table 2 Definition of SME in India.Strategic Importance of Indian SMEsIn Indian economy, the SMEs occupy a place of strategic importance due to its contribution to the overall output, exports and employment. The total enumerate of SMEs has been increasing rapidly. The total spell of registered enterprises has been around 3million and has been increasing at an even faster speed. They contribute about 50% of the total industrial output and constitute 42% of total exports. These units produce approximately 8000 units which range from very basic to highly sophisticated products. By providing employment opportunities to nearly 29.4 million people, this sector takes the deferred payment for employment to the largest number of workforce. graph 1 Growth rate of SSI sector vis--vis Total Industrial Sector.Chart 2 Growth Rate of Employment in the SSI sector.Link http//www.smebank.org/SME%20Sector.htm2 parting of Indian SMEsThe role of SMEs in the overall economic growth of the country has been fundamental and has been achieving steady progress over the last co uple of years. With a view from the industrial development of India and the overall economic growth, SMEs have to play a vital role since their labour intensiveness helps to generate employment opportunities. In a developing country like India, the SME sector is of utmost importance in order to eradicate poverty and hence to drive sustainable growth. In case of countries where the capital resources are scarce, and an abundant supply of labour, SMEs help in the efficient allocation of resources by implantation of labour intensive production process.Performance of Indian SMEsIn the late 1940s, there were around 80,000 units. Today, the total number of units has increased tremendously and the total number of units is approximately 13 million units in 2006-07. Of the total 13million units, around 55% are in the rural India and the rest in cities and urban regions.Table 3 Number of Small and Medium Enterprises.The contribution of the SSI sector to the GDP was approximately 13% in 2000-01 this has grown to a 15.5% in 2007-08. The performance of the SSI sector in terms of economic parameters such as number of units, production, employment and export during the last decade is indicated in the table belowTable 4 Performance of Small Sector in IndiaThe SME has not only been successful in increasing its contribution to the GDP, but it has also outperformed the organized sector to a great extent in terms of production and also in employment creation. Table 5 Share of SME output to Indias GDPEmploymentThe employment opportunities created by the SMEs is considerable. It is evident from the table below that for every 10 million rupees invested by the SMEs, more than 4 times of employment opportunities are created more than any other sector in India. It is clearly seen that in the year 2006, for every 10 million rupees invested in SMEs, generated employment opportunities for around 151.4 persons, whereas, the comparable amount invested in the other sectors would create emplo yment opportunities for around 37.4 persons only.Table 6 Investment to employment ratioExportsThe SME sector is a major contributor to the total exports of India. Of the total exports by India, approximately 50% exports are contributed by this sector. SMEs are responsible for 35% of the total direct exports and 15% are contributed by its allied activities. The indirect exports may be in the form of export orders of other large units or in the form of production of various parts and components for the making of the finished product. The major trading houses, merchant exporters and the export houses play a vital role in the export development.The non traditional products account for more than 95% of the exports. The exports from the SME sector have increased tremendously during the last decade. The growth of the garments, trounce, gems and jewelry units in the recent past is the reason for the increase in the exports by the SME sector. The SME sector dominates the sports goods, read ymade garments, woollen garments and knitwear, plastic products, processed food and leather products industry.The table below indicates these segments and the corresponding SME contribution. (Table 7)Table 7 % of SSI in total ExportSME exports growing in tandem with total exportsSMEs constitute an important segment of Indias industrial production with a contribution to 33% of its exports. During FY03-06, Indias total merchandise exports in US dollar terms witnessed a CAGR growth of 25%, while in the same period SME exports grew at a CAGR of 24%. The remarkable contribution of SMEs in generating employment in the country has been instrumental in addressing issues pertaining to poverty and inequality of income. As per the Third All India Census on Small Scale Industries-2001-02, highly populated states such as Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Jharkhand together contributed to around 55.4% of the total export units in India. In terms of distributi on of value of exports from the SME sector, states like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra together contributed 64.75% of total exports.Chart 3 Share of SME export to total exportsThe subject of export basket of SMEs in India, it has both traditional and non-tradition commodities in nature. There are few commodity groups which are exclusively exported by SMEs such as sports goods, cashew, Lac etc. In the commodity group of engineering goods, SMEs constitute around 40% of the total exports of this commodity group. Similarly, SMEs in basic chemicals pharmaceuticals finished leather and leather products and marine products account for around 44%, 69% and 50% of the export share in their respective commodity groups. In view of the brass of Indias determined target of average GDP growth rate of 9% during the 11th Five Year Plan, SMEs have to play a vital role in achieving this target. It is imperative for the government to address the major issues plaguing the sector and take further inclusive growth oriented policy initiatives to boost the sector. This includes measures addressing concerns of credit, fiscal support, cluster-based development, infrastructure, technology, and marketing among others. As mentioned earlier, SMEs constitute 34% of Indias merchandise exports and in order to increase Indias export share to the global trade, SMEs are expected to enlarge their scope manifold.Problems Faced by Indian SMEsThe SMEs in India have been facing lot of issues that hinder the performance and the survival of this sector. The government has been striving hard to provide with policies that would help the smooth functioning of the SMEs. The main conundrums that have been faced by the SMEs areFinanceMicro, Small and Medium Enterprises, especially the micro enterprises have been facing the problem of misfortunate access to finance. This is mainly due to the lack of information on financial support activities and also due to the traditional b usiness style. In India, there is also a lack of private equity, venture capita tilts and business angels entering the MSME sector which would provide easy financing options to businesses which have unique ideas.The availability of finance has been a major problem for the SME sector. The SMEs have not been able to have easy access to the loan offered by the various commercial banks and other financial institutions. This is despite the Reserve affirm of India (RBI) and the Ministry of Finance having laid down instructions to the banks and financial institutions to encourage easy financing options to the SMEs. According to Morris et al., 200111 there are strong structural underpinnings to the inadequate flow the organisational structures of banks, and processes within them, have taken them far from task orientation and have created a specific bias against small loan portfolios. The government has been forever and a day seeking new ways to make access to loan funds an easy process fo r the SMEs.The small industries sector has been worst hit by the problem of financing. These units have not been able to understand their financial situation and also they havent been able to maintain transparency in their financials. The banks and financial institutions have been hesitant with regards to providing financing solutions by means of loans to these small units. This is because in the recent past, the loans that have been offered to some of these units have been transformed in to non-performing assets and hence, the banks have been trying to avoid this high direct of risk. The banks and other financial institutions have been in fact extending more of their loans to the medium industries sectors in order to comply with the RBI regulation of financing for the priority sector. standAfter finance, availing good infrastructural facilities has been a topic of concern for the MSME sector. The infrastructural facilities that are available in the rural parts of India differ sub stantially with those available in the cities and the urban parts of India. There has been growing concern towards the supply of power at affordable rates to these units. In the rural parts where the rates are comparatively lower than the urban parts, the adequate supply of electricity has been an issue.The lack of newer technological knowhow has been growing. There has been a huge difference in the technique used in the towns to those used in the villages. Those in the urban areas have now been able to make use of computers and other computer operated machines whereas in the villages, the traditional methods of production are still being used. The transport facilities have not been developed very well. In spite of so many highways being constructed, there has not been ease of transporting facilities for the SMEs at affordable rates. This hinders the rural and semi-urban markets to access new and larger markets in the other parts of India. Lack of skilled labourerLack of skilled lab our hampers the productivity of the SME unit. The skilled labour can make better use of resourced and could also be able to handle computers. Skilled labourers can be of great help with means of management and marketing.Product ReservationFor the bearing of good productivity, there has been product reservation which means around 800 products are being silent to be produced only by the SMEs. The list is being revised on a regular basis but under political influence. The main purpose of product reservation was to create local employment by means of using locally available resources. But due to increased political influence, the main purpose of the reservation has been lost. The SMEs are at times not informed that they produce the reserved product.Role of Government for SME development in IndiaThe Government of India has recognised the role of MSMEs in the overall development of the countrys economic situation. The MSMEs are of utmost importance in terms of employment generation, sha re to the GDP, share to the industrial output, foreign exchange generation, etc. The Government of India has utilise various policies in conjunction with the state government, the RBI and various NGOs for the betterment of the MSMEs in India.As a stepping tilt towards MSME development, the Ministry of Small Scale Industries (SSIs) was combined with the Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries to form the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). This helped to formulate policies on a national basis bringing all the enterprises whether rural or urban under one cabinet. The main purpose of the Ministry of MSMEs was of drafting policies, programmes, development projects and schemes and also to keep a check on the implementation of these policies.The Government of Indias has launched a landmark initiative by the introduction of the MSEMD Act, on 2nd October, 2006. It is due to the enactment of this Act that there has been an increase in the SME competitive strength. The is sues link up to the growth of SMEs had been surfaced and thus, the SME had been able to accept challenges and reap the benefits of large scale economies. The co-ordination of policies at both the state and the national level has helped strengthen the role of SMEs not only at the lower but also at the higher level. A recent policy introduction by the Tamil Nadu government to encourage the agro-based industries by means of providing a wide range of incentives, support for infrastructure development, subsidies for investing in industrially backward areas, capital investment and technology development with an commence to sustain a growth rate of over 10% in the food and agro based sector.The Government of India has set up various institutions at both national and state level which are both a governing as well as a support body for the SMEs in India. The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Small Scale Industries Board, Small Industries ontogeny Organisation (SIDO), Nation al Small Industries Corporation (NSIC) Limited, The Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) and Coir Board work in co-ordination with the various institutes and assist the SMEs at both national and state level.Today, the working of the Ministry has lead to the existence of various SME governing bodies which help the smooth functioning of the SMEs. The Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI), the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC), the SME Rating Agency of India (SMERA), etc. all play a convince part in the development and smooth functioning of the SMEs in India.Policies implemented by the GovernmentThe Government of India has been reviewing its policies for the SMEs. The various organisations set up in coordination with the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises look after the formulation and implementation of the various policies for the SMEs.FinanceThe Government of India in co-ordination with the R eserve Bank of India (RBI), the countries apex bank has been striving hard in order to create policies for making available easy financing options to the SMEs. The RBI has been issuing directives for every bank and financial institution to maintain a quota of funds to be made available to the Micro, Small and Medium enterprises.The Government of India has set up special financing institutions that provide easy finance options to the SMEs at very nominal interest rates. The Government has taken many initiatives to make finance readily available to the SMEsIndustrial Development Bank of IndiaIndustrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) was instituted in 1964 as a wholly owned subsidiary of the RBI as the top institution for providing finance to the SME sector. The Government of India in 1975 passed a law for de-linking IDBI from RBI and making it the principal financial institution for(i) co-ordination of the working of institutions engaged in financing, promoting or developing industr y(ii) assisting the development of such institutions and(iii) Providing credit and other facilities for development of industry and for matters connected therewith.IDBI has brought about a revolution in industrial growth by means of providing finance for medium and great term projects in co-ordination with the national policies. The range of products offered by IDBI has been increasing in every field of industrial need be it manufacturing or services sector. IDBI has been charge to provide financial assistance to all types of small enterprises.Small Industries Development Bank of IndiaThe Government, in April 1990, established the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) as a fully owned subsidiary of the Industrial Development Bank of India in order to promote financing activities for the Small and Medium Enterprises on a nationwide basis. In March 2000, the government amended the SIDBI Act and de-merged it from IDBI. The amendment led to the change in the capital struc ture, shareholding pattern, business and borrowing provisions.The SIBDI has two subsidiaries namely SIDBI Venture hood Fund and SIDBI Trustee Company Limited. The Credit Guarantee Fund for the Small Industries and Technology Bureau for Small Enterprises are the two associate organizations that work in co-ordination with SIDBI.Since the foundation of SIDBI, it has been assisting the micro, small and medium sector (MSMEs) providing those with suitable schemes which are tailor made to suit the need of individual organizations. It assists in the setting up of new projects, expansion, diversification, modernization and rehabilitation of existing units. After the de-merger of SIDBI from IDBI, it has introduced several new schemes and products in order to meet the need of both new and existing SME units. It has been maintaining its policies and revising them from time to time keeping them in line with the policy plans of the Government and RBI. CompetitivenessThe Government has been striv ing hard in order to provide a competitive edge to the units in the global environment. In order to increase the productivity of the MSME sector so as to overcome the competition that these units can face in the global markets and also to face the competition from the multi-national companies in the local Indian markets, the Government of India has introduced the National Manufacturing Competitiveness Programme (NMCP) in the year 2005-06.The NMCP programme was implemented to shift the focus of the SMEs from the production to the competitive side of business. There was a need for the SMEs to introduce some structural changes and therefore this programme was introduced. The programme was initiated to increase the competitiveness at the individual firm level and not at industry or sector level.The need of the hour was to address issues such as technology up whole tone, cost reduction, in time delivery, total quality management (TQM) and to enhance the customer service. The NMCP worked in co-ordination with the SMEs and helped attain an environment for the accomplishment of these issues.National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised SectorThe National Commission for the Enterprise in the Unorganised Sector has been set up to improve the productivity of the unincorporated sector. It acts as an advisory board and a supervisory body for the informal sector for generation of large scale employment opportunities on a sustainable basis, particularly in rural areas.ReservationThe policy of product reservation had been started in the year 1967 with the governments objective of attaining socio-economic development by reserving the manufacturing of products solely by the SME sector. The Government introduce this policy with a view to improve the productivity of the SMEs especially in the rural areas which would in turn help to increase employment opportunities and also initiate the people to take up self employing business opportunities.The Government of India had reserved some products to be manufactured only by the SSI sector. In 1984, the list contained as many as 843 products to be manufactured only by the SME sector. But in the recent years, due to the lack of technological up gradation and competitiveness on the part of SMEs, the has been reduced to as low as 21 products. The de- reserving of the products has been progressive for the re introduction of the SMEs in the main stream.Simple affectThe registration of the SMEs was earlier a very painful and lengthy process. This system has now been replaced with the much simpler Entrepreneurs Memorandum (EM). The introduction of the EM has been the most valuable achievements of the MSMED Act, 2006.The subscribe of Credit as a Lifeline of BusinessFinance or credit is of crucial importance for any business to grow and survive. If adequate finance is not available, even the best plans need to be put to halt. In case of MSMEs, credit is needed at every stage be it start up, diversification, te chnological up gradation, survival and expansion. If finance is not readily available, there is every possibility that the best performing unit can fall offensive thus leading to the closing down of the unit.Thus, the need for a focused credit policy for the MSMEs was recognised by the Government of India. Hence, a credit policy with the following terms was laid downpriority Sector LendingProviding of credit to the MSME sector has been made compulsory by the government under the Priority Sector Lending Scheme. The priority sector includes agriculture, small enterprises and businesses, retail trade, etc. Under this scheme,

The Indian Manufacturing Sector Performance Economics Essay

The Indian Manufacturing Sector Performance Economics EssayChapter 2 conceptionThe manufacturing empyrean motion has always been the focus of academic and polity debates and especially so in India, due to the deviation of the analogous from theorized behavior (Developmental theory of revolution of economies). Even recently, in the discourse on the recession, its aftermath and revival, the highlight was the manufacturing heavens performance, since it is seen to be on retreat (After the 2008 crisis, it regained momentum (from a drop of ab kayoed 10 percentage points in 2008 09) in 2009 10 at 9.7% (simple average annual out exploitation) but since then it has been on a autumn and in 2011 12 it was at 2.5%). The major(ip) industries (automobiles, chemicals, machinery equipment, textiles etc.) experiencing receding growth places has seen the National Manufacturing Policy (2011) (which introduces the NIMZs (in addition to SEZs) to address the infrastructural bottlenecks lay outd by the fabrication) and few other such critical measures from the goernment, especially since it fears that a recovery is unseen in the horizon, given the probable sinkactive effect of rising interest rates, escalating fuel and input costs, the volatile exchange rate, falling interior(prenominal)ated demand, uncertain global economic scenario and policy paralysis (Bhandare, 2011). This importance accorded to the sector arises from three main points, namely, its importance towards large economic stability, its commerce implications (given that the services sector, though the highest contributor to the gross domestic product, contributes besides about a quarter of the total physical exertion and given that manufacturing sector employs, unskilled, semi skilled and skilled campaign), its forward and backward linkages with the other sectors (which makes it the separate to boosting the savings vital signs) and finally due to the emphasis that was placed on it (for an industry led development) by the development theories and Indias early development strategy. As Bhandare, justifiedly puts it, neither reforming the primary sector nor the leapfrogging of the services sector alone can deliver India a BALANCED and long term (sustainable) development.The idea of self assent was at the roots of Indias development juts in the immediate decades after independence and this was the reason for the unsounded emphasis on developing a strong industrial base for the country and thereby for the heavily monitored and regulated industrial policy regime. The focus and the responsibility to bring about the same (through strategic promotion of the heavy industries), fell on the public sector and as Trivedi et. al (2011) cables, the private sector was to play unaccompanied a supplementary role. any(prenominal) notable features of the repressing Regime were direct physical controls like capacity licensing, reservation of certain industries to the public sect or (or rather the restriction of private sector from certain industries), obligation and non tariff barriers to imports, foreign exchange and investment regulations, other market regulations like MRTP etc. The revolution to the Limited ease Regime (as termed by Burange Yamini, 2011) happened towards the late seventies and was marked by a slow shift from direct physical controls to indirect controls through selective delicensing and deregulation, encouraging the private sector in some industries, marginal relaxation of the tariff rates etc. The main aim of the reforms were to unleash the growth potential of the sector since the performance of the sector, prior to the late 70s, reflect the performance of the economy which was characterized by growth rates which ranged at around 3%, that were infamously dubbed the Hindu growth rate. The Industrial policy regime then followed has been pointed to as the cause for the industrial stagnation by many, including Ahluwalia (1991) who als o argues that the 80s reforms succeeded in bringing about a positive shift in the growth path of outturn and productiveness. The 1991 reforms reflected explicit liberalization in the Industrial sector with the New Industrial Policy (1991) and were enacted with the primary intent of wading through the severe fiscal and macro economic crisis that India was mired in, at the time. These reforms were comprehensive and macro economic in nature and structural adjustment and stabilization were at the core of the 90s reforms (Trivedi et. al, 2011). These differences naturally generated expectations of higher(prenominal) growth paths of create and productivity than that of the 80s period. barely as they note, the reforms succeeded in pulling the economy out of the crisis and in alleviating the foreign exchange constraint and controlling ostentatiousness but not in bringing about an upward shift in the growth of output and productivity.These expectations about the performance results of l iberalization stems from the theorized behavior of Liberalisation (from cross country analyses of the effects of liberalization by developmental theorists), especially in developing countries. The logic behind this argument that liberalization leads to growth, especially in developing countries, has been covered by the developmental theory literature nether four threads. First being that, liberalization leads to technological improvement which generates more economical capacity utilization and thereby promotes investment and exportings. This eventually leads to more robust output growth. Second theory states that liberalization increases competitive pressure in the economy and this will result in the exit of ineffective firms. The exit of the inefficient tail would leave the average efficiency in the economy higher up and thereby result in better output growth. The third is that liberalisation will release the producers from the disadvantages of inefficiencies and increase the in centives for geographical diversification which implies capture of new export markets and expansion activities like mergers and acquisitions and these will raise the rate of growth of output of the sector. Another theory that stems from the Hecksher Ohlin model and proposes that liberalization will free the chemical elements of production from inefficient regulations and costs and thereby will benefit the countrys abundant factor.Performance is usually considered synonymous with growth performance and therefore, is always assessed keeping growth as the key measure. Krugman (1994) notes that economic growth is the sum of dickens sources of growth, namely, increase in inputs and increase in output per unit of inputs (i.e, productivity). harvest-tide Accounting visualizes explicit measures of both to calculate what percentage of growth accrues to each input and what percentage to productivity and efficiency. The separate but interdependent concepts of Productivity, Efficiency and Competitiveness are indicators of performance. Growth via improved productivity (and not increased inputs) is the focus of any strategy that aims at sustainable growth and therefore productivity outline is an integral part of any performance abbreviation. Mouelhi (2007) considers output growth, trade growth, productivity growth, exports growth and capital intensity growth as the indicators or elements of performance of the manufacturing sector. In this paper we analyse output and employment growth using data from the Annual Survey of industries and productivity growth using prior literature.MotivationFigure 1.Simple Annual Growth in GDP At Factor Cost, Constant Prices, Base Year 2004 05Source RBI, Handbook Of Statistics on the Indian EconomyFrom the above figure it could be considered dear to say that the manufacturing sector and its growth rates do (quite heavily) influence the economys growth rate. That is to say, the direction of the manufacturing sector does reflect the mo od of the economy or vice versa. Also, it is far-famed from the movement of the GDP and Share in GDP of both the Industry and Manufacturing sectors that Manufacturing pulls Industry (by a vastly higher measure) as compared to Mining Quarrying And Electricity, atom smasher Water Supply (namely, the other components of Industry). So it is assumed safe to use the IIP for the abbreviation under(a) the study. So, it would be imperative to study the movements of the manufacturing sector especially under the current context of uncertainty over the global dynamics and Indias own concerns.Literature on the impact of liberalization is vast and divergent, with disagreements on the results, data type and data sources, methodology, indicators and their scope, model specification etc. and therefore, as Rodrik (1997) says, the nature of the relationship between trade policy and economic growth remains very such(prenominal) an open question.Theories ExaminedDespite the aforesaid emphasis on the manufacturing sector in Indian planning outlays and strategies, share of manufacturing in GDP and its growth rate has only been modest at around 16% in 2009 10, from about 13% in 1970 71 and 15% in 1990 91. So, Trivedi et. al (2011) argues that the 90s reforms brought about increase in growth and productivity as did the 80s reforms. But these fell short of expectations especially when considering the fact that the reforms of 1991 were macro economic in nature while those of the 80s were restricted to the fiscal and industrial sector reforms. And hidether they cite Rodrik and Subramanian (2005) that there has been no structural break in either output or productivity growth since the invention of the 90s reforms and that the 1980s reforms had resulted in an improved growth performance of Real Gross takings (compared to the Restrictive regime). But though this growth momentum has been maintained in the 1990s, they find no statistically significant improvement in the same. A s noted by Chaudhuri (2009), Nagaraj (2011), Burange Yamini (2011), Kalirajan (2004) and many others, the precedent of manufacturing growth observed before 1991 was that of periods of high growth invariably followed by periods of low growth. The period after 1991 has brought no difference to this trend. The rate is seen to fluctuate widely even in the post-reforms period, registering a decline since the early years, picking up in 1993 and decelerating again in the late 1990s. It has recovered since 2002-03 and fell back after 2007-08. The factors behind this instability of the sector ranges from famines to phone line cycles to shifts in policy regimes. Chaudhuri (2009) makes the following observations. The (compound annual) rate of growth for the manufacturing sector between 1991-92 and 2007-08 at 7.18% is only marginally higher than that attained during the first three plan periods (6.45%). Taking only the registered manufacturing sector, the increment between the periods is neg ligible at 0.1 %. In fact the growth rate (for the registered manufacturing sector) during 1952-53 to 1964-65 (8.87%) and during 1980-81 to 1990-91 (8.29%) was higher than that in the post-reforms period (between 1992-93 and 2006-07) at 7.99%. utilize the Kinked Exponential Model for structural break analysis in growth rates, we find that there is only a marginal difference between the coefficients b1 and b2 which center that there is no substantial structural break in the Manufacturing GDP data. The analysis is for the period from 1980 81 to 2000 01. The kink is analysed at 2 different years, namely, 1990 91 and 1996 97 and no significant break is fix in either year. But on analysing the same period for the Manufacturing apprise Of Real Gross Output we note the structural break at 1996 97 is significant. The structural break is highly significant if Net pass judgment Added of Manufacturing is brought under the analysis, over the same period. This implies that the analysis backs the argument that there hasnt been any substantial increase in the growth path of the Manufacturing output in the 1990s from that of the 1980s, in terms of Sectoral GDP. But when considering the range Of Real Gross Output or prize Added of the sector, it seems there has been a structural break in 1996 97. Therefore, the analysis cannot be taken to validate or refute Rodrik and Subrahmanians argument that there hasnt been a structural break in output growth since 1991.Figure 2.Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing GDP (1980 2000)Source cause calculation defer 1.Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing GDP (1980 2000)Source take calculationFigure 3.Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing RGO (1980 2000)Source Own calculation bow 2.Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing RGO (1980 2000)Source Own calculationFigure 4.Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing NVA (1980 2000)Source Own calculationTable 3.Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing NVA (1980 2 000)Table 4.CAGR Of Manufacturing GDP and its Share in GDPSource Own calculationTable 5.Summary Statistics Of Manufacturing GDP and its Share in GDPSource Own calculationTable 4, provides the Compound Annual Growth Rates for the different sub periods, from 1950 51 to 2011 12, and it can be seen that there has been only a marginal improvement in the CAGR in the 1990s as compared to that of the 1980s. And as table 5 shows, there has been a decrease in the absolute volatility in the growth in Manufacturing GDP in the 1980s (as seen from the Standard Deviation values) which is followed by an increase in the 90s only to further decline in the 2000s. The congenator variability in the period 1991 92 to 2000 01 at 0.87 is higher than that of the previous period at 0.40. Growth rate of Share of the Manufacturing sector in GDP also follows the same trend. Another point worth noting is that there has been a consistent decline in the average growth in share of Manufacturing in GDP and thi s confirms what has been noted by Kalirajan (2004). Since 1997 98, along with the decelerating growth there has been a decline in the share of manufacturing in total GDP. Also, as noted by Mani (2011) and Nagaraj (2011), the share of manufacturing sector in GDP was stagnating at around 15% even as the growth of the sector was at around 10% for over louver years. Therefore, the data seems to point that the 90s reforms have not led to substantial positive changes in the growth path of output from that of the 80s.Another point to note is that there is an improvement all the figures in the 2000s (starting from the late 90s). Rodrik and Subrahmanian (2005) explains this as the J Curve effect of Productivity and Output growth. The J Curve rationale blames the major structural changes ensuing liberalization (and the adjustment process thereafter) for the initial slowdown in the sector (Hashim et al, 2009). Virmani (2005, 2006) proposed the hypothesis of the J-curve of productivity and o utput growth following major reforms and the differences in the pattern of productivity that was noticed to be brought about by the pacing of reforms. From empirical evidence we also see that the timing (pace) and sequencing of the reforms impact growth performance. The productivity and output growth path is hypothesized to take the form of a J, S or a hybridizing S-J Curve which is explained by the pacing of the reforms (namely, major reforms or gradual reforms). Virmani Hashim (2011) notes that in India, the hypothesis was proved true during the 1980s but not during the 1990s. Their analysis shows a clear J-curve pattern of total factor productivity growth for Indian manufacturing as predicted by the J- curve hypothesis which, in turn, was reflected in output growth. Nagaraj (2011) puts forth the recurrence of aces and deceleration (in itself) as the pattern of growth in output after finding out that after a (theoretically) expected dip in 1991-92 (on account of the crisis and adjustment), output boomed for four years, peaking in 1995-96 at 13% (following the predicted J curve) and that the boom petered out quite quickly, followed by a steep deceleration for seven years until 2002 03 while the next boom defyed for ve years, from 2003 04 to 2007 08.As Kochhar et al (2006) notes, India has not confirmed to the development theory of transition economies whereby the usual trend is a massive transfer of unskilled labour from tillage to manufacturing (or industry). That is, the manufacturing employment post reforms has been stagnant and Indias services sector led growth has been laid to blame for this. Contribution of manufacturing to total employment is the lowest, that is, in India, services sector absorbs more labour than the manufacturing sector. The trend in employment generation of the registered manufacturing sector tells a different story from that of its output generation. Employment in the factory sector has been declining despite the accelerat ion in the growth rate of output since 2000 01 and in 2003 04 and the figure was 10% lesser than that in 1995 96 (Chaudhuri, 2009). This pans the issue of Jobless Growth that has been (nearly) comprehensively covered by literature bringing forth the issue of growing capital intensity, and cheaper relative price of capital resulting in substitution of labour for capital as the primary cause. This poses a theoretical impasse, since (market oriented) economic policy reforms are conventionally expected to result in an acceleration in the rate of growth of output and productivity thanks to the underlying short term gains in static efficiency (through re-allocation of factors to efficient uses) and dynamic efficiency gains.One visual sense (Goldar, 2000, 2011) says that there is a substantial increase in organised manufacturing employment in the liberalised regime of 1990-91 to 1997- 98 and 2003 04, as compared to the 80s. Nagaraj (2004, 2011) has contradicted this noting that the e mployment growth when analysed in the same picture as that of capital growth asserts the wild growth phenomenon. According to him, the whole period can be termed as a period of jobless output growth where output has grown with more capital-intensive technology.Stagnant per capita real hire are said to be another paradox whereby the natural transition of output growth into growth in real wages has not transpired yet in Indian manufacturing thereby raising concerns on lack of domestic demand. Trivedi et. al (2011) note a U trend emerging in the growth of real emoluments (from a revival in the figures from negative rates in the 90s) and the consistent decline in growth in real wages. They consider this to imply increasing compensation to the managerial and supporting staff while the workers face stagnant real per capita wages and raise concerns of inequality and productivity implications.Table 6.CAGR Of Principal Manufacturing AggregatesSource Own calculationTable 6 confirms the Jobl ess growth hypothesis which can be found to hold true for all three variables of labour, namely, Number of Workers, Number of Employees and Total Persons Engaged. What is to be noted is not only the definite declining (and negative) growth rates of the 90s, but also that Number of Workers and Number of Employees were on a declining growth path even in the 80s. And that growth in Number of Workers and Total Persons Engaged are seen to revive during the sub period 1999 08. Another major concern is the different patterns exhibited by the growth in wages and that in emoluments. While both are found to be on a declining growth path, the rate of decrease in the growth of emoluments is substantially lesser than the steep and concerning decline in that of wages. The U trend noted by Trivedi et al (2011) cannot be brought forth due to unavailability of data on the same.Some other features of the data under analysis, that are brought out by these summary figures are the decline in the growt h of Real Gross Output, Net Value Added and Net Fixed Capital Formation show the same patterns of decline in the 1990 2000 sub period and this extends to the 1995 04 sub period. But the 1999 08 figures of NVA and NFCF show revival. Therefore this analysis seems to come out in support of the J Curve hypothesis of output and productivity growth.Disaggregated Analysis is essential for assessing the structural dynamics of the sector. Guha (2008) noted that the inter temporal comparative analysis of the differences in the growth process at the disaggregated level explains the structural change that has occurred in the manufacturing sector (which in his analysis comes out to be substantial).An S curve pattern is expected to be followed by the growth and TFP in positive response to the reforms, taking the sector from a dismantle steady state to a higher steady state. At the disaggregated level, we expect a majority of sub-sectors to follow an S-curve pattern, but also some fundamenta lly non-competitive sectors to stray a decline (due to comparative disadvantage). Trends in productivity growth at the (disaggregated) sub-sector level of manufacturing showed a much more varied pattern of growth than at aggregate level. Out of the twenty two sub-sectors analysed in their paper, three followed an S-curve pattern (14%), eight followed a J curve pattern (36%), and ten followed a hybrid S-J pattern (45%). This is to be expected in a situation in which different policy reforms are paced differently and affect different industries to different degrees and the analyses by Guha (2008), Hashim, Kumar Virmani (2009), Kaur Kiran (2008) and others have empirically substantiated the differences in interpretation brought about by disaggregate analysis and the differences in impact of the policy reforms on different industries.Also, using dummy variables to forge the effect of reforms on the TFPg across a disaggregated table, they find that according to the Growth Accounting Analysis, there has either been no acceleration or deceleration in all the subsectors (except Metals) and states (except WB and Haryana). But in their analysis using the Production Function Approach, they find that there has been a revival in the TFPg post 90s. But even those figures reiterate that the revival fell much short of the expectations of Liberalization.Table 7.CAGR Of Principal Manufacturing Variables Across Major subsectorsSource Own calculationTable 7 gives the two digit level disaggregated analysis for the Indian manufacturing sector. Only 10 major industries that contributed above 2% as share in output and employment have been considered for the analysis. All industries show revival in the late 90s, with respect to growth in share in manufacturing employment. Dye and Fur industries, Chemical industries, fomite industries and Tobacco industries are the only sectors that do not exhibit negative growth rates, though without exception all show declining growth rates in th e first two sub periods. In the case of growth in input intensity, all except the tobacco and textiles industry shows an increase in the last sub period (from a declining path, previously) which raises concerns over the sustainability of output growth in the sector. The rise in input intensity seen in the late 90s raises questions about the accuracy of the J curve inference that was reached upon earlier. The Food and Beverages sector shows the tendency of consistent decline in growth in RGO and NVA. Equally alarming is the dye and fur products industry which shows a steep decline in growth in share in RGO and NVA from a previously stable position. Vehicles industry is the only industry that manages to without a substantial decline with respect to growth in output.The organized sector contributes only 20% of the total manufacturing output but more than 60% of its output while the unorganized sector accounts for about 80% of the employment but only about 33% of the total output of th e manufacturing sector. This duality in the Indian manufacturing sector and the resultant structural dynamics and its implications (in the form of imbalances) finds reference in almost all of the growth performance literature. The sectoral, regional and (especially) structural imbalances in the manufacturing sector is also reflected in the form of the high wage differential between the registered and unregistered sectors, the differential in the employment and output share (respectively) of the two sectors etc. That is, the relative income contribution of the unorganized sector vis a vis the organized sector has been on consistent decline and this affects the labour productivity differentials between the sectors (Trivedi et. al 2011).Data and MethodologyThis study focuses on the performance of the manufacturing sector using aggregate and disaggregated analysis of it. While keeping the aggregate picture, it examines the component industries to understand the effects of the structur al dynamics of the sector on the sectoral aggregates. The period of study is 1981 82 to 2007 08 (though in some cases it is extended to include the periods 1971 72 to 1979 80 and 2008 09 to 2011 12, as a result of data availability). ASI is the main data source on aggregate and disaggregate level data. Data on IIP and GDP is from the RBI Database On Indian Economy.IIP is an mogul of industrial production and not just manufacturing production, though manufacturing sector is a dominant component of the IIP (contributing over 75% of the total weight) and therefore, additional variables like Value Added, Value of Gross Output and Sectoral GDP are used to complement the accuracy of the inference. Net Fixed Capital Formation series considered for analysis is at book value and not Real NFCF.The sub sectors considered for disaggregate analysis are the Food and Beverages industry, the tobacco industry, the textiles industry, dyeing and fur production industry, the coke refined crude oil and nuclear products industry, chemicals industry, the metal industry, Machinery and equipments industry, Electricals industry and Vehicles (Automobiles) industry.Trivedi et. al (2011) notes that the contribution of TFPg to output growth for the registered manufacturing sector ranges between 13 to 25% using alternative methodologies and therefore the analysis of the same is essential for any comprehensive performance assessment. But since the estimation and analysis of TFPg is vastly out of the scope and time frame of the current study, we put in ourselves to a literature based analysis on the topic. They note that the regional TFPg differences brings home the fact that states without much output growth but falling or negative rates of employment can also show high TFPg rates. Therefore, TFPg cannot be unconditionally used as an indicator of growth performance. TFP levels should be assessed alongside to get a clearer and more accurate picture.In using Dummy variables to determ ine the impact of the reforms on TFPg by demarcating the pre and post reform periods, they note that it is difficult to isolate the impact of reforms from that of the other factors (that impact TFPg) in the dummy variable analysis and also that the time lags in the impact cannot be taken into consideration, under the same.ConclusionsWe find that the Indian manufacturing sector is seen to have faced a structural break when considering the growth in Real Gross Output and Net Value Added instead of Sectoral GDP. But this break is in the late 90s which gives basis to the J Curve hypothesis of output and productivity growth. Also the phenomenon of jobless growth is found to have been a feature of the manufacturing employment in the decades post reforms, though latest data (till 2007 08) helps in finding a sign of revival in the same. The disaggregative analysis bringss forth the disturbing trend in growth in input intensity in almost all the industries of the sector, thereby questioni ng the sustainability of the output growth achieved through liberalization. Tobacco, Dye and Fur, metals and Electricals industries are the only sectors that follow the J Curve pattern with respect to output growth.Indian manufacturing landscape needs to be geared up through expansion, diversification, technological and competitive scaling up and skill enhancement, TFP growth, Efficiency growth and expansion of global footprint, namely, mergers and acquisitions and/or capturing new export markets (in the qualitative side) (Bhandare, 2011). There is a need to improve (all three performance indicators, namely) productivity, efficiency and competitiveness of Indias manufacturing sector. And this needs to be achieved along with improvement in employment growth, keeping in view the demographic theory (the potential demographic dividend) and countrys projected aim of inclusive growth (as declared in the 12th five year plan). With regard to the expectations and fears regarding liberalizati on, Nagaraj (2011) notes that industrial growth rate has not accelerated, nor has the growth rate of labour-intensive consumer goods gone up but there has been no de-industrialaization either, as the critics feared.

The Global Business Strategy Of Bmw Group Marketing Essay

The Global Business Strategy Of Bmw host Marketing EssayThe locomote industry always is the approximately famous industry in the worldwide, beca wont the development of world-wide economy increasingly lead to human skunknot live without cars. As a result, the demand of the market brings to a greater extent than intense competition in the industry.Meanwhile, the Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft (BMW AG) is a renowned motorcar and motorcycle keep family in the world. The major products positioning of BMW is agiotage segments of cars in the global motor market. Its main competitor is Daimler Motor Company with the famous stigma called Mercedes-Benz which likewise concentrates on the same market segment.The over imbibe of BMW sortThe origin of BMW classifyBayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft (BMW) is a German motorcar, motorcycle and engine manufacturer which was founded in 1917 by the first chairman Franz Josef Popp. It is headquartered in Munich, Germany. BMWs history can trace its roots back to 1916. Gustav Otto established the Bayerische Flugzeug-Werke AG (BFW) which was the Predecessor of BMW in 1916. In 1917, BFW renamed to BMW and also converted into a public limited company (AG) in next year 1918. During the First World War, as a quartermaster supply manufacturer, BMW established a large factory, which near the military airport in the outskirts of Munich. It continued to manufacture military aircraft engines for the military until 1918. In 1922, BMW structured BFW and became the BMW AG which we be familiar with today. However, when deal trace the history of the company, the companys official statement is based on the founding data of BFW factory 7, March, 1916, as the birthday of BMW.In the start-up phase, BMW has foc apply on the development and production of aircraft engines. BMWs blue and white flag is a symbol of the rotation of the propeller, the portrayal of this is the companys early history. In 1923, the advent of the first BMW motorcycle has been produced by the company. Five years later, in 1928, BMW acquired the Eisenach car factory began producing cars. After integration of resources, BMW AG launched the first car which named Dixi 3/15. At the same time, BMW started its own legendary in the automotive industry and fabricated several masterpieces in the history of its car manufacturers which appe atomic twist 18d to the market. These products continue to inspire strong feelings and peoples desire to create an excellence reputation of BMW AG as a car manufacturer. From 1916 to 2013 by the first day of an aircraft engine manufacturer developed into a company of premium motorcar and motorcycle-oriented, that BMW was ranked the top twenty motor company of the world. Its process of development is similar to japanese Daihatsu Motor Company.The current status of the BMW themeNowadays, BMW Group not only produce its own tag BMWs motor car, merely also owns and produces the brand of MINI and owns a subsidiary which named Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. In the spirit of motorcycle production, on that point is a motorcycle brand is now known as BMW Motorrad which continue to produce the High execution of instrument motorcycle for BMW group. What is more, it also provides fiscal services, include the relationship of customer and supply chain management.BMW has always been based on a premium brand which is the foundation of business success. There ar three brands in BMW Group including BMW, MINI and Rolls-Royce. These brands aim at the premium market in each segment from small cars to top luxury sedans. BMW Group has become the only manufacturer which focuses on high-end cars and motorcycles in the world.In present, BMW Group which has 24 production facilities and assembly plants in 14 countries and its business network crossways 120 countries around the world. Meanwhile, there argon 12 Research and Development (RD) plants in 5 countries around the world by BMW. On the angi otensin converting enzyme hand, there are several series under the brand of BMW, such as 1, 3, 5, 7, Z and M series. It also has productions of MINI and Rolls-Royce. On the other hand, there are having C, F and R Series under the BMW Motorrad in terms of motorcycle production. Currently, BMW AG continues to thrive, but not without setbacks.BMW AG has always been known for its emphasis on technological innovation and continues to set new standards for high- work luxury car. At the same time, BMW Group company attaches great importance to the safety and environmental issues. The company has earned a reputation for its performance of active safety and passive safety include Fully Integrated Road Safety Technology (F.I.R.S.T.).The global business schema of BMW GroupMercedes-Benzs success factors are based on its history and accumulation of experience. Audis success is because the classic brand revival. Comparewithotherbrands, the brand strategy is the key point to the success of BMW. B MW gives a modified significance for its own brand through the implementation of brand strategy.Unlike Mercedes-Benz has a capacious history, BMW been originally a manufacture aircraft engine for the German air force. In the 1960s, it was the smallest car company in Germany. BMW rose in the world since the 1980s. But at that time, Mercedes-Benz as the market leader of the conventional premium luxury motorcar stick to the luxury car market in the world with the accumulation of traditional brand image and market advantages, which pose round significant obstacles to the market penetration of BMW luxury car series. Deeply influenced by the high technology of German, the fabricate technology of BMW can also compete with Mercedes-Benz. But, more efforts need to be spared to its value and brands compared with Benz. There are some negative effects to BMWs brand. At that time, forming a good brand image is a big challenge for BMW.The global market strategies of BMW GroupThe BMW Group i s committed to produce the outstanding and distinctive products. It also tries to gain the maximum market share in the luxury car market around the world. Through unremitting efforts for years, BMW Group has created an minute international brand image in the world. However, the creation of a well-known brand image of the world does not mean that it can be marketed in some ill-tempered market successfully. In order to satisfy the different requirements of the different topical anaesthetic markets, BMW Group decided to adopt a centralized and unified brand strategy which be carried out by different country. It is the marketing strategy system which called global branding and localised marketing. The following are the different marketing strategies taken by BMW Group in three major markets, including European, the Statesn and Asian markets.Localised marketing in the European marketBMW AG is an export-oriented motor company in German. There are 70% of its production is exported. The orders of exports mainly concentrated in the highly industrialized countries, such as the European Union countries, Japan and the United States. 1st January, 1993 is the date which marked the formation of European market integration. After that, most of car manufacturers nonplus adjusted their sales network of the European Economic Community (EEC) market.On the surface, the description of the companys customer structure information seems to indicate that the companys stub groups are similar. Those customers who choose BMW are grassrootsally with higher education. They are either in high positions or free professional. Both of them are the high-income people. However, these intimacys are not as simple as this situation. Although the existing target markets of BMW Group concentrated in the industrialized countries, there also are a number of European countries with relatively developed agriculture industry in its target market. In these countries, peoples lifestyles are different with the disparity of living standards. In terms of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, the difference between the rich and poor regions is more than five times. Thus, there is no same preferences and purchasing power of consumers in Europe. The Management Act of EEC integration came into effect on 1st January, 1993, but the individualisedity characteristics of the people will not be erased, it also will not let the different nationalities eliminate the difference in spirit. In view of this, BMW Group should implement the marketing strategy which can be adapted to the local market.The demand of European customersThe first step in the formation of the marketing strategy is Conducting market research. Market research task is to determine the ideal positioning of BMW in Europe. The ultimate aim of the in-depth study of the differences between the different countries is to attain the language issues and accept competent brand features from these countries by organizing a series of group discussions. Finally, BMW Group found out that some important situation would not be understood without these problems happened. For instance, some purchasers who are from Dutch and Italy expect cars have its own special factors, but they h aged exclusively different opinions about those factors.There are several requirements all over the Europe when customers consider to purchase a car, such as reliability, safety, quality and advanced technology. BMW Group refer to these requirements as the basic requirements of company. On the one hand, in the initial stages of the purchase decision, those motorcar products that be deemed to inconformity with above requirements will be eliminated from the list of purchasers option. On the other hand, it is considered to be an fantabulous car if comply with above requirements in all European countries.After the above-mentioned basic research, the next step is to choose the type of car for the special requirements of the country, also the countrys climatic conditions should be considered together. In the Netherlands, the attractiveness of the car depends on the quality of its internal, such as subtle internal configuration. In contrast, due to the belief of Austrian Drivers are stronger than any other country, Austrians prefer to drive a car which can show their self-confidence. In Italy, people hope that the vehicles are able to comply with the personal style of the driver. Italian have high requirements for their cars which including its design, aesthetics standard and the engine performance. Therefore it can shows that the Italians car pursuit are totally different from other countries. In view of the basic requirements is coincident when people purchasing a car in all European countries. Take some European countries for example, if a car be approved is excellent by French, it also have same opinion from Austrian and Dutch. Obviously, there is just a little difference that is the specific expectations of the ca r due to the different point of view from different countries. Therefore, BMW Group believe that it is a problem of communication last if the motor products to be successfully marketed in many European countries.BMW Group deeply know that it need to pay more attention to the customers or else than the vehicles. blush though these customers might have some common view of the motorcar in terms of the same nation. But for individually, every customer wants to show their personal style is totally different. It is in this sense, these people are constituted the target audiences in the market segment of BMW who are from different countries and hold the similar requirements. The scale of measurement and characteristics of the various types of customers have been mastered by BMW Group. Also, on the core target market of the BMWs brand which can be determined jibe to the blueprint of attempt strategy. BMW Group are most interested in different types of its products could be sold in some particular countries. On the one hand, there are some types of motorcar and motorcycle enthusiasts has a large proportion in each country, such as it has a large proportion of the sporty performance car drivers and normal car lovers in Italy, France, the Netherlands and Austria. Thus, the strategy of global branding have the direct attractiveness for above two types of enthusiasts. On the other hand, according to the composition of different motorists from different countries. There are many motorists who come from different countries support a certain conception in the different thought. much(prenominal) as there about seventy percent of traditional drivers in France currently, but only ten percent in Italy in this situation. Obviously, the important thing is the marketing strategy which called localised marketing.The research by BMW Group found out that the drivers of BMWs products are always have several same requirements, including the superior design, excellent driving perfor mance, modern technology and unique personality. These BMWs drivers from different countries have views in common that is the original idea for BMW Groups global strategy.Application of the results of market research in EuropeThe result of market research provide a strong basis for the marketing strategy which called global branding and localised marketing. In addition, BMW Group Company could find the best strategic direction through the organic combination of positioning criteria. The positioning principles and the research result are essential when BMW use a modern way to rebuild its international positioning. The previous method was unilateral consider the characteristics of technical capability and the advancement. The new method is extend to tangle some personal characteristics such as emotional factors, aesthetic value, sophisticated ideas and distinctive personality. It is broke through the emphasis on technology and sporty style, as the BMW traditional image. Thereby it is greatly increasing the pathway of expansion its brand.The formation and implementation of BMWs new brand strategy is built on the basis of the scientific market research. The results of market research provide a solid foundation for the relationships between the brand and products, brand and communication as well as products and environment. Meanwhile, it also solve the marketing problems between the BMW Groups headquarter and local branch companies. Thus, the strategy of global branding and localised marketing as a best method which can improve the strategic position of the brand and strengthen the companys competitiveness greatly. In addition to the European market, BMW Group has achieved considerable success in which this method is used in North American market and Japanese market.To gain the US market by innovation advertisingThe progress of BMW Group was not silver-tongued when it enter the American market. Early as 1974 years ago, the first BMW branch company has been establ ished in the United States. But its popularity has been low, even many local consumers mistakenly believe that BMW is the product of the United Kingdom at that moment. However, during 1974 to 1978, BMW cars has become the famous brand cars which could represent the customers identity and social status through its bruiseness advertising campaign in United States. In the late 1980s, United States appeared a new marketing environment of low-price revolution, at the same time the Japanese premium motorcar brand was began to seize the American market share with BMW. BMW maintained and enhanced its brand position through its advertising strategy. Therefore, the advertising of BMW is smart method in the marketing warfare of expansion international emerging market.Advertising positioning from comfortable to drivingIn 1974, in order to increase the potential market of BMW cars in the United States, BMW Company has invested heavily in United States to establish their own sales channels, an d carried out a large number of advertising campaigns simultaneously. In the same year, Ammirati Puris Lintas advertising company won the contracts worth of nine hundred thousand States dollars when it participated in the BMW advertising bidding. At that time, there are a large number of competitors in the North American motor market, such as Cadillac b brand car with the sales of over one millions, 90000 vehicles sales of the Lincoln Motor Company as well as Mercedes-Benz with sales of 40000 vehicles. If BMW want to be successful in the North American market, it mustiness seize the market share from these competitors.In order to test the brand image of BMW in the minds of consumers, Ammirati Puris Lintas advertising company conducted a survey in the Hesperian United States. It is a picture shows that a BMW car was parked with a Cadillac car and a Lincoln car together by Ammirati Puris Lintas to test the people reaction in the survey. The survey results shows that almost all of th em had no favourable impression for the brand of BMW because their own car have some advanced equipment which does not provide in BMWs cars, such as power windows, leather seat and chrome-plated body. Due to BMW did not have a successful strategy of brand promotion, the excellent driving performance and elaborate interior design of BMW didnt attract the attention of people.Faced with above situation, the Ammirati Puris Lintas is decided that positioned the target market for the post-war new young generation.Compared with those old people who got used to buy Cadillac, the new generation desire a new brand to show their values. The values are including their personality, pursuits and preferences. BMWs excellent driving performance and elaborate interior design coincided with the consumer psychology of the post-war new generation, who have the enthusiasm and pursuit of stimulate. Therefore, BMW competed with other motorcar companies through taken the advantages of its driving performan ce rather than simply in the power windows, leather seats and chrome car body in the new market.Tagline The Ultimate Driving Machine.In 1970s, BMW of North America start used the tagline The Ultimate Driving Machine which created by Ammirati Puris Lintas advertising agency company. This tagline shows that being a real premium car must have excellent driving performance and also emphasizes the unique selling point of BMW. The advertising theme and positioning achieved great success because the tagline highlights the differences and advantages of the BMW and attracted the new generation with the highly vitality. http//www.bmwhk.com/com/en/news/news-201201-02.htmlSwot http//www.wikiwealth.com/swot-analysisbmwEnglish essay http//www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/company-overview-and-market-analysis-of-bmw-marketing-essay.php http//www.autohome.com.cn/news/201301/462629-3.htmlAmmirati Puris Avrutick Inc. http//adage.com/article/adage-encyclopedia/ammirati-puris-lintas/98315/

Studying Computer Science Essay -- Computer Science

IntroductionHardware can be daunting. The following is a brief look at why every calculating machine science major should be knowledgeable in the acronyms that abound within the computer industry. Overwhelming Factors develop computer science majors can be thankful to Ken Thompsons desire to travel space. It was this desire that maintained a failed attempt of an operational system by a joint venture of General Electric, Bell Labs, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The operating system was named Multics and was abandoned in the late sixties, in time Ken Thompson had programmed a game he named Space Travel for Multics and it still needed an operating system on which to impart. As they did not have the resources they had to run Multics at the house, Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie worked together to produce what we know today as UNIX (Ritchie, 1984), yet UNIX now needed a plat fig upon which to run and yet again, some other savior to computer science that we can be thankf ul for today, IBM mass-produced personal computers for use in the common household. Yet, thankfully, IBM failed at dominating the personal computer market and clones became yet another savior. Personal computers and their clones are comprised of standard, interchangeable components. Components such(prenominal) as Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), of import Processing Unit (CPU), Hard Disk Drive (HDD), Compact Disc or Digital Versatile Disc Read Only Memory ofttimes referred to as CD-ROM or DVD-ROM, motherboards, Graphic Processing Unit (formerly known as video cards and now referred to as GPU), and the like are the norm for any typical computer whether they are of the desktop or laptop varieties. Form factors must also be taken into account terms such as XT, AT, ATX, mi... ...oring becomes a factor, shopping for RAM that interfaces with the Front Side Bus (FSB) at 800 MHZ or 1066MHZ becomes a factor, choosing CPUs that are any dual-core or quad-core becomes a f actor. Factors, there are many of them one way to combat this is to educate and familiarize oneself with the acronyms and terms associated within the computing industry. If not in good order armed, the factors can be overwhelming to any computer science major. Works CitedKrynin, M. (2010) UEFI unified extensible firmware interface. Retrieved December 9, 2010 from http//compreviews.about.com/od/motherboards/a/UEFI.htmN.A. (2010) Desktop form factors. Retrieved December 9, 2010 from http//www.formfactors.org/searchproducts.aspRitchie, D. (1984) Early unix history and evolution. Retrieved December 8, 2010 from http//cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html

The Mother Should Have the Choice Essay -- Abortion, Argumentative, Pr

The Mother Should Have the ChoiceWhen abortion is being discussed in any case, at that place is one common question to be answered does the amaze or the fetus behave the rights? Aborting pregnancies has been around for centuries, and so has all of the controversy around abortions, dealing with religious beliefs and morals. After all sides are looked at women, the mother should have the right to patch up what she wants to be done with her unborn boor. This essay will support the idea that women have the right to choose what is to be done with there unborn child only in the branch trimester of their pregnancy. The first trimester of a pregnancy is where the decision should be made about the unborn child. After that time frame abortion should not be allowed for the damage is too great on the womans body and the unborn child has devolved too much. The sort of the abortion takes place the safer the outcomes. In addition, forcing a woman to carry a fetus to term unless she meets ce rtain criteria unrelated to her own aspirations and priorities is a profound term of enlistment with a womans body and thus a violation of security of the person. (Smith 105) Smith makes a good argument here, stating that forcing laws and morals on the mother is violating her right to security of persons. The mother is the individual and the fetus is part of her body, which is why the mother has the right to choose what will happen to her body, only in the first trimester. Next, The only good solution to the moral ambiguities involved is to prevent unwanted pregnancies. (Cauthen) Preventing unwanted pregnancies would help reduce child abuse, child neglect, reduce adoption and retributory help control the abuse a child receives. A woman may have gotten pregnant for man... ... life and let some else love the child and provide for it. In the end the child should be able to live. With everything to take in to consideration the mother should be the one to have the choice as to what sh ould be done to her body and her unborn child in the first trimester. While the issues apposing abortion are strong, the woman should still be the one allowed to decide what is in the best interest for herself and the unborn child. As law states now and as it will go in the future woman will be able to choose what happens to them as and their unborn child. The mother will be the only one to decide what is morally and ethically correct for her and her unborn baby. industrial plant CitedMason, J K, and R A McCall Smith. Law and Medical Ethics. London Butterworths, 1994.Cauthen, Kenneth. Abortion. 18 June. 2001 http//www.frontiernet.net/kenc/abort.htm.