Vietnamization (real Version) Essay -- essays research papers fc

Vietnam ControversyIts January 27th, 1973 and the Vietnam War is over. Peace agreements were signed in Paris by the southerly Vietnam Communist forces, newton Vietnam, atomic number 16 Vietnam and the United States. The meeting lasted for several hours and in that time they agreed on many objectives, including that U.S. troops would gradu wholey withdraw from Vietnam and all prisoners of war would be released, southernmost Vietnam had the right to choose their own future (whether or not to unite with North Vietnam), and North Vietnamese troops were stipulation the right to remain in South Vietnam with idea that the troops could not be reinforced (Vietnam War). Even after the peace talks, fighting go on between the North and South Vietnamese. After the majority of American soldiers had left, North Vietnam went against all that was agreed on at the peace talks. On December 13, 1974 North Vietnam had started the invasion on the south. By April 30th, 1976, North Vietnamese tanks h ad occupied Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, with no trouble, and an evacuation began (see picture 1 & 2). On July 2nd, 1976, the country was join as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Vietnam War). If the U.S. had stayed to finish the Vietnamization, there might have been a South Vietnam today.I feel that the U.S. should have never been multiform in the war in the first place, however, under the unavoidable circumstances we should have stayed in South Vietnam and helped the country defend themselves on something we made them gestate in. We poured so many resources into the war fighting for a cause that many Americans and people in general did not believe in, and to retreat from the South Vietnamese when they needed Americas help the most was very unfair. The PerspectivesBy comparing the views of Von Dons Our Endless War Inside Vietnam and some views of In Our Times, I was able to conclude that some of the views from the 1970s and some of the views of the 1990s are very alik e. Von Don saw differently than the average American, and had undreamed insight as to what went wrong towards the fall of South Vietnam. The book seemed to back up everything that Von Don seemed to have a perspective on. I can at least say that the two statements did not conflict.Personal ConclusionsThrough reviewing both perspectives I came up with several conclusion about t... ... learn.Works CitedBrigham, Robert K. The Fall of South Vietnam. American Journey. Online. 15 March 2000.Debate Between Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wisc.) And Sen. Barry Goldwater (R-Ariz.) over Aid to South Vietnam. U.S. Congress, 1974. American Journey. Online. 15 March 2000.Part Six Vietnam. In sept handout.Protest note from the Government of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) to the government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). Embassy in Washington Press. Washington Press. Release No. 15/73, September 10, 1973.Rosenberg, Norman L. & Emily S. In Our Times America Since World Wa r II. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. 1999.Van Don, Tran. Our Endless War Inside Vietnam Memoir of South Vietnamese General. 1978.Vietnam War. Encarta 1998. CD-ROM. Redmond, WA Microsoft, 1993 1997.

The Ethical Issues of Sex Pre-Selection Essay -- Exploratory Essays Re

The Ethical Issues of Sex Pre-Selection Although science is at a peak for overwhelming and astonishing outbreaks, the honour adapted issues concerning these out breaks have been inadequately addressed. As the options that couples that are desperate to have a child expand, so do too the expectations of whom the child becomes. Couples are able to choose a donor, of either gender, based on characteristics that they see fit to their liking. Although imperfect, couples now have the ability to choose their childs gender. Medicine tends to be patient-driven at the moment. Said Charles Strom, MD, PhD, director of medical genetics at Illinois Masonic Medical Center in Chicago. A patient needs something and physicians do any they can to provide that service, and that sometimes makes one shortcut the ethical considerations. With our vast opportunities in reproductive technology, one thing thats not been well specify is what really constitutes research and what is merely im provement in clinical design, Dr. Strom said. (Foubister) Sperm retrieval, in which an elec...

Cloning Essay -- Biology, Stem Cells, Asexual Reproduction

Abstract The rate of using cloning is rapidly increasing. Cloning of different species is a proficient process, but also has limitations as it brook be hazardous and harmful to our society. Cloning is the process in which multiple identical copies of an entire entity argon made. An example is the cloning of stem cells which provide identical replicas that piece of ass be used to help an injured human. This study compares the favourable and negative outcomes of cloning different organisms, from a scientific perspective without getting into the ethics and phantasmal views. As well, this paper discusses whether or not cloning is considered suitable for society and under what circumstances that this pertains. Through scientific research and background knowledge, many facts are produced about the affects of cloning plants, animals and people. After weighing out both sides of this process in each circumstance, it can be concluded that the cloning of plants, animals, and humans can b e beneficial, but it needs to be kept to a minimum to limit the chance of having a uniform society.Cloning of different species is a beneficial process, yet it has its limitations as it can be hazardous and harmful to society. Cloning is the process of asexual reproduction of an entire entity, in which multiple, identical genetic copies are created. According to Websters Online Dictionary, cloning is the process of producing a toller, and a clone is a cell, cell product, or organism that is genetically identical to the social unit or individual from which it was derived. While one may take an ethical approach to determine whether or not cloning should be allowed, this study is ground solely on scientific facts and evidence. Cloning can be done on plants, animals and hum... ...ning and experimenting. The benefits and problems of cloning tend to make a cycle. For example, if scientists continue to genetically clone species that help in the medicinal field, then this would cause p eople to live unnaturally huge. The issue of extreme overcrowding would arise, and scientists would have to clone or grow much crops to provide an adequate amount of food for everyone, thus leading to more possible environmental damage. Cloning has been proven to be useful to society tho there are many risks that come with it. This process needs to be analyzed in more depth in each circumstance, to determine the long term effects, before moving forward with the use of cloning on a global scale. Cloning is a beneficial process to our society just certain forms of human cloning are unacceptable at this time, due to our inability to predict consequences.

Internship with the Police Department Essay -- Internship Police Depar

Internship with the Police DepartmentThroughout my one hundred and twenty-hour experience with the Gloversville Police Department, I learned umpteen skills, values and the ways of this Police Department. Many of the calls and situations I went to often could relate to a certain theory that I learned in any of my legal philosophy classes. I would recommend any student majoring in Criminal Justice to try to take an internship with a local law enforcement agency. I am soon signed up for the civil service test for Gloversville Police Department, If I do qualify for the Police I believe that this internship will give me a huge head start.Some experiences that I encountered were DWIS, Assaults, Traffic Tickets, Domestic Disputes, and going into the bars for ABC checks. The best Dwi I saw was when we pulled over a cardinal year old Marine. The officer that I was with deficiencyed to let him go but couldnt because of the condition of the offender. So we cuffed him and brought him to th e station. While filling out the report for him we clear a call about a kid who was struck at a bar by another man. We asked if he extremityed to press charges and he replied with a yes. We went to his house and found out it was a twenty-five year-old who was majoring to be a lawyer. The officer I was with that night knew this kid and thought very misfortunate of him because of past incidents. Come to find out the twenty-nine year old we had in custody was the one that had assaulted him earlier in the bar. We told him to come down in the morning and sign to press charges. When we got back to the station the Officer I was with asked him why he didn?t hit him harder. It was way to make him laugh and relax. after that we all got talking and it actually did calm him down and I learned that even though someone committed a crime that it doesn?t of necessity mean that person is a bad person.When dealing with assaults I learned that no matter how much you agree with a person or want to believe a person that you cant take sides. To me this was one of the major lessons that I learned in this program. We were dispatched to a call at the Caboose for a fight. When we arrived I saw two younger males and an sometime(a) male fighting. Immediately I thought that the two younger males were drinking and started a fight with this older man who was walking down the street. To my mistake we found out that the two men were helpi... ... that will hopefully improve my handwriting skills. Besides the writing I feel that most of my skills are good. If I become an Officer myself I believe that these would only improve.If I were to be grading myself on this internship program I would give myself a B. I believe that I would deserve an A but this paper itself is not the certain length required. Through the program I learned a lot of valuable information about police departments themselves and how they work because I was actually there. No teacher could convey taught this to any stude nts, its something that they would have to experience themselves and something that I highly recommend to any student who is serious about taking criminal justice. The internship program was one of my best experiences with college. I learned a lot of information dealing with the Police and how they work. I also learned that I want a career in this field. I want a job that is different everyday and I don?t know what?s going to happen day after day. Thank you for creating the luck for me to experience what it?s like in a Police Department. I greatly appreciate all the time and effort you put forward for me to do this internship.

cloning :: essays research papers

IntroductionThe possibility of human clone, raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep Dolly (Nature 385, 810-13, 1997), ablaze worldwide interest and concern beca physical exertion of its scientific and ethical implications. The feat, cited by Science magazine as the breakthrough of 1997, also engenderd uncertainty over the meaning of clone --an umbrella term traditionally utilise by scientists to get a line different processes for duplicating biological material. What is cloning? Are there different types of cloning?When the media report on cloning in the news, they are usually talking round only one type called reproductive cloning. There are different types of cloning however, and cloning technologies can be used for other purposes besides producing the inherited twin of another organism. A basic understanding of the different types of cloning is key to fetching an informed stance on current public constitution issues and making the best possible personal decisions. The following three types of cloning technologies will be discussed (1) recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning, (2) reproductive cloning, and (3) healthful cloning. Recombinant DNA Technology or DNA Cloning The terms recombinant DNA technology, DNA cloning, molecular cloning,or gene cloning all refer to the like process the transfer of a DNA subdivision of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid. The DNA of interest can indeed be propagated in a foreign forces cell. This technology has been around since the 1970s, and it has become a common arrange in molecular biology labs today. Scientists studying a particular gene often use bacterial plasmids to generate multiple copies of the same gene. Plasmids are self-replicating extra-chromosomal measure DNA molecules, distinct from the normal bacterial genome (see image to the right). Plasmids and other types of cloning vectors are used b y Human Genome Project researchers to copy genes and other pieces of chromosomes to generate enough identical material for further study. To clone a gene, a DNA section containing the gene of interest is isolated from chromosomal DNA using restriction enzymes and then united with a plasmid that has been cut with the same restriction enzymes. When the fragment of chromosomal DNA is joined with its cloning vector in the lab, it is called a recombinant DNA molecule. Following introduction into suitable host cells, the recombinant DNA can then be reproduced along with the host cell DNA. See a diagram depicting this process. Plasmids can carry up to 20,000 bp of foreign DNA.cloning essays research paper IntroductionThe possibility of human cloning, raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep Dolly (Nature 385, 810-13, 1997), aroused worldwide interest and concern because of its scientific and ethical implications. The feat, cited by Science magazine as the breakthrough of 1997, also generated uncertainty over the meaning of cloning --an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. What is cloning? Are there different types of cloning?When the media report on cloning in the news, they are usually talking about only one type called reproductive cloning. There are different types of cloning however, and cloning technologies can be used for other purposes besides producing the genetic twin of another organism. A basic understanding of the different types of cloning is key to taking an informed stance on current public policy issues and making the best possible personal decisions. The following three types of cloning technologies will be discussed (1) recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning, (2) reproductive cloning, and (3) therapeutic cloning. Recombinant DNA Technology or DNA Cloning The terms recombinant DNA technology, DNA cloning, molecular clon ing,or gene cloning all refer to the same process the transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid. The DNA of interest can then be propagated in a foreign host cell. This technology has been around since the 1970s, and it has become a common practice in molecular biology labs today. Scientists studying a particular gene often use bacterial plasmids to generate multiple copies of the same gene. Plasmids are self-replicating extra-chromosomal circular DNA molecules, distinct from the normal bacterial genome (see image to the right). Plasmids and other types of cloning vectors are used by Human Genome Project researchers to copy genes and other pieces of chromosomes to generate enough identical material for further study. To clone a gene, a DNA fragment containing the gene of interest is isolated from chromosomal DNA using restriction enzymes and then united with a plasmid that has been cut with the same res triction enzymes. When the fragment of chromosomal DNA is joined with its cloning vector in the lab, it is called a recombinant DNA molecule. Following introduction into suitable host cells, the recombinant DNA can then be reproduced along with the host cell DNA. See a diagram depicting this process. Plasmids can carry up to 20,000 bp of foreign DNA.

cloning :: essays research papers

IntroductionThe possibility of human copy, raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep Dolly (Nature 385, 810-13, 1997), aro utilize worldwide cheer and absorb because of its scientific and ethical implications. The feat, cited by Science magazine as the breakthrough of 1997, also generated incredulity over the meaning of cloning --an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe contrasting processes for duplicating biological material. What is cloning? Are there disparate types of cloning?When the media report on cloning in the news, they argon usually talking about only one type called reproductive cloning. There be different types of cloning however, and cloning technologies can be used for different purposes besides producing the genetic twin of another organism. A basic understanding of the different types of cloning is key to taking an informed stance on current public policy issues and making the best possible pe rsonal decisions. The following third types of cloning technologies will be discussed (1) recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning, (2) reproductive cloning, and (3) therapeutic cloning. Recombinant DNA Technology or DNA Cloning The damage recombinant DNA technology, DNA cloning, molecular cloning,or gene cloning all refer to the same process the transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element such(prenominal) as a bacterial plasmid. The DNA of interest can then be propagated in a inappropriate entertain cell. This technology has been around since the 1970s, and it has twist a common practice in molecular biology labs today. Scientists studying a token gene often use bacterial plasmids to generate dual copies of the same gene. Plasmids are self-replicating extra-chromosomal circular DNA molecules, distinct from the normal bacterial genome (see image to the right). Plasmids and other types of cloning vectors are used by Human Geno me look researchers to copy genes and other pieces of chromosomes to generate enough identical material for further study. To clone a gene, a DNA fragment containing the gene of interest is discriminate from chromosomal DNA using restriction enzymes and then united with a plasmid that has been inflict with the same restriction enzymes. When the fragment of chromosomal DNA is conjugate with its cloning vector in the lab, it is called a recombinant DNA molecule. Following introduction into suitable force cells, the recombinant DNA can then be reproduced along with the host cell DNA. See a diagram depicting this process. Plasmids can carry up to 20,000 bp of foreign DNA.cloning essays research papers IntroductionThe possibility of human cloning, raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep Dolly (Nature 385, 810-13, 1997), aroused worldwide interest and concern because of its scientific and ethical implications. The feat, cited by Scienc e magazine as the breakthrough of 1997, also generated uncertainty over the meaning of cloning --an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. What is cloning? Are there different types of cloning?When the media report on cloning in the news, they are usually talking about only one type called reproductive cloning. There are different types of cloning however, and cloning technologies can be used for other purposes besides producing the genetic twin of another organism. A basic understanding of the different types of cloning is key to taking an informed stance on current public policy issues and making the best possible personal decisions. The following three types of cloning technologies will be discussed (1) recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning, (2) reproductive cloning, and (3) therapeutic cloning. Recombinant DNA Technology or DNA Cloning The terms recombinant DNA technology, DNA cloning, molecular clo ning,or gene cloning all refer to the same process the transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid. The DNA of interest can then be propagated in a foreign host cell. This technology has been around since the 1970s, and it has become a common practice in molecular biology labs today. Scientists studying a particular gene often use bacterial plasmids to generate multiple copies of the same gene. Plasmids are self-replicating extra-chromosomal circular DNA molecules, distinct from the normal bacterial genome (see image to the right). Plasmids and other types of cloning vectors are used by Human Genome Project researchers to copy genes and other pieces of chromosomes to generate enough identical material for further study. To clone a gene, a DNA fragment containing the gene of interest is isolated from chromosomal DNA using restriction enzymes and then united with a plasmid that has been cut with the same re striction enzymes. When the fragment of chromosomal DNA is joined with its cloning vector in the lab, it is called a recombinant DNA molecule. Following introduction into suitable host cells, the recombinant DNA can then be reproduced along with the host cell DNA. See a diagram depicting this process. Plasmids can carry up to 20,000 bp of foreign DNA.

Houses: Shelter to the Physical and Emotional Well-Being

Sandra Cisneros The House on mango route is non sound some other coming-of-age narrative it is excessively a story that has been written to conquer the personal difficulties of a Latina writer. Being Latina, she does not redeem many Chicano role models (Klein 21), plainly she has strived to express mail herself in writing, nonetheless. In the 1988 collection of fifty four vignettes, Cisneros makes the narrator, Esperanza, come alive through experiences ultimately caused by macrocosm poor, female, and a minority, while giving the class the title role as it encompasses the dreams of families from any race having a home to call their own.It is Cisneros guidance of dealing with the issues she herself has faced as a Latina is through her assiduity that they do not remain mere issues (OMalley 35), but full-blooded experiences of a girl named Esperanza. In the sententious story with the same name, Cisneros focuses on the dream of getting a home. Therefore, this coming-of-age short story emphasizes on the importance of the physical house to the emotional growth and identity of its residents.Esperanza relates the many times her family has to move from rented house or apartment to another We didnt always live on Mango Street. before that we lived on Loomis on the third floor and before that we lived on Keeler. Before Keeler it was Paulina, and before that I cant remember. But I remember most was moving a lot (Cisneros 290).Mango Street is a miscellanea from all the moving because the family finally does not have to pay rent the house is supposed to be theirs (Cisneros 291). However, the house still has some disappointments in set up for Esperanza and her family. The house is not what Esperanza imagines a real house that they can proudly call their own to be.In the United States in particular, the house is more than just shelter it is a national institution almost as sacred as the American flag. In home ownership, the American dream and the American way are manifest the civic values of individualism, economic success and self-sufficiency are asserted (Kaup 361).Esperanza and her family are striving to reach that American dream, to stop being substandard citizens who get to be asked disbelievingly by people You live there? (Cisneros 291). According to Esperanza the way it was asked made her feel like nothing. This is how sometimes people are judged by the house they live in. The house also affects the psyche of its residents. A clean, well-kept house may contribute to a clearer observation tower while a house which reflects poverty can be a cause for shame, such as in the case of Esperanza and her familys house on Mango Street (Klein 23).The short story The House on Mango Street may be very brief, but according to Thomas O Malley, an English teacher, he considers Cisneros writing as poetry and thinks that her characters speak poetic dialogue that has not been heard since Shakespeare moved out of the hood (OMalley 35). It is probab ly Cisneros credit with Esperanzas experiences that make her write them vividly and with the right tone.She understands what Esperanza is going through, and she makes sure that she uses simple language as appropriate to that of a little girls. It is also important to note that like other Latin American writers, Sandra Cisneros emphasizes on the reinvention of the English language when put side by side with other languages (Wolf 61). Esperanza is not just a little girl, she is also a bilingual girl therefore there are two reasons behind the use of simple language.The story being added to a curriculum may be questioned by some English Literature students (Romero and Zancanella 26), but studying the story is not a godforsaken of time at all even for non-Latinos. In fact, other students are curious about the line between fiction and reality in the short story, having known Sandra Cisneros somewhat similar background (OMalley 37). It not only opens the eyes to the world of Latinos but also expresses the universal need to feel secure with two shelter and identity. The house on Mango Street is not a useless location for the story it develops a character of its own. It is used as a symbol for a persons status in life, and possibly the persons emotional state.The House on Mango Street relates a story of poverty and of a familys search for a home to call their own. However, what makes this story worth reading is that although there are many trials for Esperanzas family, their story ends with Esperanza thinking hopefully I knew then that I had to have a house. A real house. One I could point to. But this isnt it. The house on Mango Street isnt it.For the time being. Mama says. Temporary, says Papa. But I know how things go (Cisneros 291). The last sentence diminishes that hope but the desire to have a real house is already in Esperanzas heart. She has the desire to improve her familys situation and she does not want to remain trapped in rented houses, or even houses l ike the house on Mango Street. However, this does not mean that Esperanza does not recognize the irony in what her parents have promised.Rudolfo Anaya is another Chicano writer who, like Cisneros, creates protagonists who, like themselves, have no models, but were possessed by destiny, by inclination and by courage (Klein 22) to reach their goals. He differs from Cisneros in his more active childhood and his stories which focus more on the development of a male protagonist.Related article Arguments Made in bewilder the Tortillas Out of Your PoetryAs a conclusion, The House on Mango Street is a story that does not only explore the development of a young girl called Esperanza, it also tells how the different houses she has lived in, including the house on Mango Street, contribute to her emotional growth and recognition of self-worth. The house on Mango Street is not only present to provide a literal roof over the head of Esperanzas family, it affects their very identity.Works CitedCi sneros, Sandra. The House on Mango Street. n.d. 290-291.Kaup, Monika. The Architecture of Ethnicity in Chicano Literature. American Literature, Vol. 69, no. 2 (June 1997) 361-397.Klein, Dianne. Coming of Age in the Novels of Rudolfo Anaya and Sandra Cisneros. The English Journal Vol. 81, No. 5 (September 1992) 21-26.OMalley, Thomas F. A Ride Down Mango Street. The English Journal Vol. 86, No. 8(December 1997) 35-37.Romero, Patricia Ann and Don Zancanella. Expanding the Circle Hispanic Voices inAmerican Literature. The English Journal, Vol. 79, No. 1 (January 1990) 24-29.Wolf, Dennie Palmer. Of Courses The Pacesetter Initiative and the Need for Curriculum-BasedSchool. The English Journal, Vol. 84, No. 1 (January 1995) 60-68.

Pygmalion vs. My Fair Lady Essay

The Academy Award-winning musical film My Fair skirt produced by George Cukor in 1964, was based on the play Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw write in 1913. Although, the basic story line and underlying themes are the same, there are a number of differences between the two famous works. The most sound out difference is that My Fair Lady had songs added to the dialogue. Furthermore, Pygmalion deals with some of the social issues that were occurring during the Victorian era in England, which is different from the musical which portrays what a person can do if they coif forth a true effort.In My Fair Lady there is more emphasis on Elizas character developing her speech and sack through all the unusual exercises such as speaking with marbles in her mouth and being hooked up to a machine trance saying her vowels, than in the written play. This is probably due to the fact that in the play people should expect all of this to happen and dont withdraw to be told. Also, Cukors My Fair Lady did this in the musical because it adds entertainment value.When Eliza finally is able to speak well, prof Higgins and Colonel Pickering decided to take her to meet Higgins scram to see how see would behave around early(a) distinguished people of high class society. This is the same in both Pygmalion the play and My Fair Lady the musical, however, in the musical they take her to meet Professor Higgins breed at a supply race where as in the play they take Eliza to Higgins mothers house. Also, in the play Eliza meets Mrs. Eynsford Hill, Clara, and Freddy at Higgins mothers while in the musical she doesnt meet Clara, only Mrs. Eynsford Hill and Freddy at the horse race.After Mr. Doolittle is made into a smashed man, which happens in both works, he marries his live-in girlfri destroy. In the play, he visits Mrs. Higgins before going to the church to get unite where as in the movie he doesnt visit her at all. The first point in the play when you find out that Mr. Doolittle ha s become wealthy and is going to get conjoin is when Eliza goes back to the street where she used to live and sees her father coming out of a bar. That is when he informs her that he is getting married the next.At the final test of Elizas improvement, the Ambassadors party, she meets the queen of Transylvania in the musical but she does not in the play. Actually, this entire scene is skipped in Shaws play. The end of the musical is open ended, leaving the readers to come up with their own ideas and getings about what is going to happen next. Maybe Professor Higgins and Eliza Doolittle will live happily unitedly like the myth that Pygmalion is based on, Pygmalion and Galetea.Although there are many contrasting events that occur in the musical and in the play they do have many things in common. They have the same characters, although some are developed more in one than in the other. The basic thought and ideas are the same throughout the musical and play which is expected since My Fair Lady is based on Pygmalion.I enjoyed the musical more than the play because I feel like the musical went into a lot more depth of Elizas transformation. The songs and the actors in My Fair Lady really brought the story to life. For me, Rex Harrisons portrayal of Professor Higgins was absolutely perfect he was able to show more sides of Professor Higgins psyche than you could experience by reading the play. Pygmalion is the type of play that will never be forgotten, even though My Fair Lady is perhaps the most memorable movie based on Shaws play, there has been many other renditions, such as Pretty Woman, and there will probably many more made in the future.

Child Psychology Essay

Q1 what be the six sensitive periods? Write 7-8 lines on each of them. Answer. aft(prenominal) take oning with kidskinren from all backgrounds, Maria Montessori concluded that despite their differences all chelaren experience a cartridge clip span when he/she acquires specific knowledge from his surroundings done his focused activities and that too without getting bored and tired. This time span or time periods are called as the sensitive periods. As and when the need of knowledge and thought has been fulfilled, a frys sensitivity naturally moves on to acquiring a new one. Thus, Maria Montessori observed six sensitive periods. They are as follows1. Sensitivity to Order2. Sensitivity for refinement of senses3. Sensitivity to Language4. Sensitivity for walking5. Sensitivity for small objects6. Sensitivity to social aspects of life.1. Sensitivity to Order Appears in tykes 1st year and continues through the 4th year. Order is a sensitive period that exemplifies a childs desire f or symmetry and repetition, along with established routines. The child has two different perspectives to order, the external order which relates to his/her environment and the inner order which makes him/her aware of his/her declare external body separate and their relative position.A child who goes through this period can be extremely affected by disorder. The environment for this period should accommodate the need of order. During this period, the child desires to sort out and sequence everything that is appropriately placed for him/her to do so. Eventually this sense of order will become a permanent part of him/her. Stacking cups, resting stackers are great material to promote order.2. Sensitivity for refinement of senses It begins from the time a child crawls till the 8th yr. of his age. Refinement of the senses is a fascination with the five clement senses i.e., the taste, sound, touch, smell and vision. In order to interact with the environment, children need to use their s enses. The sharper the senses, the more information children can program in their mind. And it will stay so throughout their mature years. In this period the children as well begin to co-ordinate the interaction between all the senses. Feel and touch books and boards, smelling bottles etc are equitable to enhance the sensing activity in children.3. Sensitivity to language This period lasts from the birth to 6yrs. A child begins his/her journey towards acquiring language by earshot and observing others speak in their environment. And almost magically, a child babbles his/her first words. Soon he/she starts constructing grammatically correct phrases and sentences. All of this has developed as a result of the childs inner need towards acquiring language. Dr. Montessori says that if for any reason a child is not exposed to language during sensitive period, he/she will suffer limitation in his/her intellectual growth that can never be totally compensated. First picture word books are safe(p) to promote sensitivity to language.4. Sensitivity for walking This period starts from 1yr. onwards. No other mammal has to check up on to walk. Walking develops without it being taught. A child becomes frustrated when an adult impedes his motion by picking him/her up. A child walks to perfect his walking, whereas we walk to go someplace. Once the child has done perfecting to walk, its time to jump, hop, skip, climb, carry things, and counterpoise objects etc. Balance beam, slides etc. are good to promote sensitivity for walking.5. Sensitivity for small objects From 1yr. till 4yrs. After perfecting to walk, a child focuses on exploitation his/her hand. He/she wants to pick up small objects e.g. Small insects, pebbles, stones, grass etc. Thus he/she tries to refine his/her hand-eye co-ordination. The sensitive period for small objects also describes a childs fixation on small things and tiny details. Thus, this is the childs effort to build-up an understanding of the inst itution.6. Sensitivity to social aspects It starts from intimately 21/2 yrs. Through 6yrs. At this age children starts understanding that they are a part of a stem and thus begin to co-operate with others. This allows him/her to be safe and socially satisfactory in his environment. Any deprivation of social interaction during this period will make him/her less socially confident and uncomfortable around others.Play dates, group activities are good to promote sensitivity to social aspects. All the learning that happens during the sensitive period of a child can happen quietly and overlooked as long as the environment satisfies the childs needs. chelas learning during these stages is the foundation upon which much of their future gets built.Q2. What are the three stages of child development? Write two paragraphs on each of the two numbfish- courses of the first stage 0 to 6 years.Answer Child development stages are developmental milestones or specific achievement that children rea ch by a certain age. The three stages of child development are- 1. First stage( 0 to 6years) It has two sub phasesa. 0 to 3yearsb. 3 to 6 years2. Second stage (6 to 12 years) This is a stage when a child is calm, happy, and self assured. They seek the company of their friends.3. tercet stage( 12 to 18years ) It has two sub phasesa. 12 to 15years(Puberty)b. 15 to 18years(Adolescent)There is a transformation in both physical and mental development of the child in this stage.1. First stage This stage is between 0 to 6years. It has two sub phases. The sensitive periods are the strongest in this stage.The sub phase 0 to 3years is also called as the unconscious absorbent mind. The child has a mind that cannot be taught by direct methods of teaching. Thus, there are no schools for this age children. Whatever the child learns is unconsciously from his environment by exploitation his sense of seeing and hearing. Provision of a suitable environment greatly helps a child in this stage.The s ub phase 3 to 6years is also called as the conscious absorbent mind. Child becomes receptive to adult influence. The child starts developing a personality by remembering and using what he learnt in first 3years of his/her life. The sense of touch is coordinated with the mind. Hands become a main tool of learning. This stage is also a time for social development and making friends.Q3. Write a short note onA) Natural laws of development B) Characteristics of child developmentA) Natural laws of developmentChild development refers to the physical, mental and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and the end of adolescence, as the individual progresses from being dependent to being independent. gibe to the laws of growth and development Man creates himself. The child is the constructor and maker of the adult or as to say father of the man. In the prenatal period the child has established all the vital organs which after birth are developed enough for survival. Natur e has its own laws regarding what the human being should achieve, when and how. Genetics also plays its critical part. It is difficult for us to decide when we adults can and should take over the tasks hitherto done by nature.For example a child cannot be agonistic to start walking before the right stage. Thus its for the parents and educators to provide a suitable environment, where a child will be free to develop, to learn to walk and explore and thus growing within the laws of natural development. The natural development of children proceeds through several distinct stages of development, each one having its own unique conditions and sensitive periods for acquiring basic knowledge in the developmental process. We cannot interfere with these laws of growth. We are facilitators and observers only. And each child has their own stages of learning and understanding the world around. B) Characteristics of child developmentHuman development has two aspects- physical and mental or psych ical. Dr. Maria Montessori identified certain human characteristics and they are- self preservation, orientation to the environment, communication, order, exploration, work or purposeful activity, exactness, repetition, abstraction etc. These human characteristics are the driving behavior in every stage of development of a child, and education should respond to and facilitate their expression.A well prepared environment is what is needed so that specific characteristics of a child at different ages are given a free expression. Its function will be to allow a child to develop wholly and independently in all areas. Education is not about a certain curriculum to be completed in a certain class and age instead it is about developing a child into a whole human being by letting the child learn without force. The child will be stimulated to develop to his/her full emf as per his/her innate characteristics because of this prepared environment.

In what ways was the stimulus material developed during the drama process?

Before we had been shown our choices of stimuli, we had been introduced to a range of exercises that enabled us to explore texts, music and pictures in different ways. This helped immensely during the first stages of development, as we had an idea of how the stimuli could check the performance overall. For example, looking at pictures we would determine who were the main people involved in the picture, and if somebody looked sad, we tried to give them a story behind that sadness. afterward looking at a variety of pictures, we decided upon Scream By Edvard Munch. There were two versions of this picture, both colour, and one in dull and white. We all agreed that the black and white picture created the wider range of possibilities for us, as it represented a much eerie and haunting scene. We created a spider diagram of words that we felt when looking at the picture. Words relating to anger, trapped, lone take upss, disfigurement, illness and paranoia all appeared within this first d iagram.The next stage of processing the drama was to decide on which of these themes we alike(p)d the most. Trapped gave us the biggest pin down of possibilities to explore into, as it incorporated umteen of the above emotions anyway. After another spider diagram where we came up with a wider range of words that derived from the feeling of existence trapped. These included illness, abuse, eating disorders, OCD and correctness. Next each member researched into a specific topic from this diagram, and thought up an interpretation of each scene.We collectively decided that to debate the image, we would follow no particular structure or genre of acting. We thought that by letting each scene flow independently would create a basis for us to expand on. However we knew that at some point we would have to link them all together to create a performance. Much like the lines in the image, as each line helps create the bigger picture.Our concepts that were derived from the word trapped were specifically based on modern concepts, which helped with the auditory senses understanding of the subject matter, and more aware of how it affects society today. There is one scene however which doesnt really reflect modern day, however it is still representative of recent history. This scene is the suffragette scene. We use this to reflect upon the fact that the issues we were representing are not just modern issues, but have in fact been around for years.From our spider diagrams we came up with a name of possible plots, and characters that would be involved in each scene. We experimented with our proficiencys to develop the stimulus. Rehearsal techniques came in very handy during the dry spells in our development. We were often faced with a mental block of ideas, and therefore chose to experiment with different rehearsal methods based around one of our theme words to help us out.For example, we knew we wanted a scene on abuse, yet we did not know how we wanted to show this. Whe ther realism or surrealism would be more appropriate and performanceive. Therefore, we used a technique in which we chose a subject of abuse, and whether we were the abused or the abuser. When a thought came into our mind on the chosen subject, we would shout out how we felt. For example my character had been cheated on, and I said what do you think youre doing with my husband? Hes MY husband not yours. We gradually made the lines more dramatic and offensive, until we had reached the highest level of abuse we thought possible.This really helped us in creating out performance as we then decided to re-enact the abuse scene the same as that, yet eventually repeat one line until we all ended up creating a machine.This form of acting worked well as it showed how the many different aspects of abuse. We decided to do this by walking through with(predicate) the audience and shouting our words to the audience making them feel very uneasy and extremely vulnerable. To enable this technique t o have more of an effect, we made the audience sit in small groups of two of three. We placed their chairs randomly at different angles (however all facing the stage to some degree) and this helped create the tension and effect of being alone. We felt this was an important link to our stimulus as the image is relating to loneliness and madness.We used status work to try and create the levels of status that we should demonstrate in each scene. The image represents a delusion of a person who is plainly distressed in some way or another. Therefore during the kink of the scenes, we made every character determine what status they were in comparison to the other characters on the stage at the same time.Although our stimulus provided us with many ideas, we also wanted to incorporate this image with one of the previous stimuli that we had looked at. It was a piece of music which we felt was a representation of poverty as it sounded so sad and depressing. We felt that the image and the mu sic intertwined and linked well with each other, as poverty is present in the music and poverty = loneliness, and loneliness is obviously present in the image.

What drives you up the wall? †Strikes on Transport

in that respect be many things that drive me up the wall one of the main things is when at that place are attains on transport. There are strikes on transport on substantial days like Boxing Day when tidy sum lead want to go to shops for the sales, why do they choose strikes? The employees guess that they dont commence enough wages when there is beyond enough. Why should they get an increase in wages when there is bad service, bad manners, bad facial expressions towards customers and a lot more bad things I could go on about?Whe neer there is a strike on transport it causes chaos for many peoples lives such as works that save to travel by train or students or other people who have to go somewhere significant. This is all fairish caused because worker s want a raise. Why cant they entirely appeal without being oblivious and ruining other peoples lives? However, it is not only bad for us save for the London Transport party as they are losing millions of pounds which is not admirable. Even if strikes were the only way, the negative effect allow for be listened to better.Workers right should be allowed but not effecting innocent people (the society) as they have done nothing wrong. There have been many strikes around the world one of the latest, Greek strikes caused disruption to places like hospitals. Another former is that when there is a strike, tourists cannot travel freely, this is harmful for the city or countries reputation and no one wants that. Here is an ultimatum would you rather lose your job and have no money or go to work and have money even though it is not up to your satisfaction? This is what you have to bear in mind.You have to be happy with standard of money you get paid as some workers get paid less than ?10. 00 a week. In attachment to this why are they striking when they get paid ?15, 000 only when for working 35hours this is more than what many workers get paid, this drives me up the wall insanely, There are many individu als who will actually appreciate the amount they got. However we are lucky that some of the transport drives werent stupid enough to go on strike and quell their work and if they didnt they are probably going to lose their job.As well as that thanks to the people that came to work because then the company would millions of pounds which could be used on uncloudeding the transport as it is unhygienic. Transport for London is so bad compared to the trains in china as in china they have clean, fast transport and good service. What could be better than that However in London we sit on dirty seats which are not cleaned on a daily basis, we are sitting on hundred germs. Having strikes will cause financial problems for many transport companies such as Transport for London, in the Greek Economy there has been severe damage caused by the strikes.As well as that in July 2010 the Greek Railway has been trying to raise everywhere ?400million of loans from the public management. On the same da y in Athens people passed off the job shutting down the tubes. These are things that cause damage economically. However, strikes are only allowed if gather uped permission if not it is illegal and they will be punished with fines and sentences. If the strikes dont work the strikers will have to go to this person who will make negotiations of how much they should be paid and they will definitely loose.In addition to this the Transport Industry is too important to the society to be having a wage negotiation, when there are many well being who have places to go and people to see. I would not mind if there was strikes if transport was clean and the service was impeccable but no there is rubbish service and very bad conditions. The strikers get paid a fair wage but just dont appreciate it Ill bet there are many people who will be dying for this job.In addition to this there have been many accidents caused by the employers exhaustion which causes accidents, so the person who got hurt ca n sue leaving the company to lose a lot of money. Another reason in which I wouldnt mind if there was a strike if the transport was safe and strikes for reasonable concessions and not ask unfair and unsustainable benefits. Another fact is that strikes are just to put pressure on Government to change policies. Whatever is the end result, the strike harms the nation, the community, the community and the management. some people think that people who work on transport have freedom to express themselves and yes this true but what is the point of all of it when it will just cause chaos and havoc. I dont to a lower placestand why people feel that they express their selves causing trouble and trying to prove a point. In my opinion I think that strikes on transport should be banned as it is chaotic and unfair. I think it is unfair as the amount of money employees get in transport is so much already it will just make employees lose their job and will have no money.As well as that many people have to travel by transport to get to work and they are losing money too by not going to work. However there are different ways to get your word through to without having a strike which is disruptive. I dont understand why whenever there is a strike Boris Johnson tells us get on your bikes and cycle help save the environment. For example if I wanted to go to the city and I live in Stanmore I would have to cycle for about 3 hours and how are elderly supposed to cycle anyways they will just run out of breath.However instead of taking the bus to a short distance we should save the environment instead of ruining it and you could either walk or cycle. As well as this how are we supposed to manage when there is a sudden strike without no notice- this has happened a few times. If we didnt have strikes we could save money to have internet connection it the tube/trains or wifi despite this there is always strikes on the most important day for example The Royal Wedding- this is a time when the Transport Company can earn a lot of money in just under an hour.The most agitating thing about public transport is when you can stereotypical, rowdy teens come on and shout in there disruptive, loud phonation like they own their transport or listening to music so loud that you could hear from out on the streets. As well as that when you get on the bus and the driver gives you creepy looks while groaning under their breath waiting for you to get your oyster out or your money.When the bus driver sees you rails they just slam the door shut and drive off making you wait like another half an hour for another bus, has this ever happened to you? wear offt you feel annoyed and angry that you want to get a rock and just throw it at the drivers face? To conclude I think that there should only be strikes if necessary not for things that are unnecessary or unbeneficial and there shouldnt be a strike on important days which is very silly as the underground have an advantage of earning mon ey.In addition to this whenever we get on a train we have never actually got good service instead of being cranky when they got a raise in their wages which is so unfair and causing financial problems in the company risking their jobs. In my opinion I think strikes are the most stupid, aggravating thing to do for resolving things. Public Transport is agitating, hectic and colly they should be trying to fix it not making it worse.

Foundation and Empire 21. Interlude In Space

The blockade was run successfully. In the vast volume of seat, non all the navies ever in existence could keep their watch in tight proximity. Given a single beam, a skillful aviate, and a moderate degree of luck, and there atomic number 18 holes and to spare.With cold-eyed calm, Toran drove a protesting watercraft from the vicinity of one star to that of some other. If the neighborhood of great mass made an inters verbalizear jump erratic and difficult, it also made the enemy detection devices uneffective or nearly so.And once the girdle of ships had been passed the inner sphere of dead space, finished whose blockaded sub-ether no message could be driven, was passed as well. For the first conviction in over three months Toran felt unisolated.A week passed forrader the enemy news programs dealt with anything more than the dull, self-laudatory details of growing control over the Foundation. It was a week in which Torans armored trading ship f lead inward from the Periphery i n hasty jumps.Ebling Mis called out to the pilot room and Toran rose blink-eyed from his charts.Whats the matter? Toran stepped cut back into the small central chamber which Bayta had inevitably devised into a living room.Mis agitate his read/write head, Bescuppered if I know. The Mules newsmen are announcing a special bulletin. Thought you might want to learn in on it.Might as well. Wheres Bayta?Setting the t equal to(p) in the diner and picking out a menuor some such frippery.Toran sat mickle upon the cot that served as Magnificos bed, and waited. The propaganda routine of the Mules special bulletins were monotonously similar. First the martial music, and then the simplytery slickness of the announcer. The minor news items would come, following one another in patient lock step. Then the pause. Then the trumpets and the rising excitement and the climax.Toran endured it. Mis muttered to himself.The newscaster spilled out, in conventional war-correspondent phraseology, the unct uous words that translated into sound the molten coat and blasted flesh of a skirmish in space.Rapid cruiser squadrons down the stairs Lieutenant General Sammin hit back tight today at the task force striking out from Iss- The carefully expressionless face of the speaker upon the screen worn-out(a) into the blackness of a space cut through by the quick swaths of ships reeling across emptiness in deadly battle. The voice proceed through the soundless thunderThe most striking action of the battle was the subsidiary combat of the heavy cruiser Cluster against three enemy ships of the Nova class-The screens view veered and closed in. A great ship sparked and one of the frantic attackers glowed angrily, misrepresented out of focus, swung back and rammed. The Cluster bowed wildly and survived the glancing blow that drove the attacker off in twisting reflection.The newsmans smooth unimpassioned delivery continued to the last blow and the last hulk.Then a pause, and a large similar v oice-and-picture of the fight off Mnemon, to which the novelty was added of a lengthy description of a hit-and-run landing the picture of a blasted city huddled and weary prisoners and off again.Mnemon had not long to live.The pause again and this time the fricative sound of the expected brasses. The screen faded into the long, impressively soldier-lined corridor up which the government spokesman in councilors uniform strode quickly.The silence was oppressive.The voice that came at last was solemn, slow and hard By hunting lodge of our sovereign, it is announced that the planet, Haven, hitherto in warlike opposition to his will, has submitted to the acceptance of defeat. At this moment, the forces of our sovereign are occupying the planet. Opposition was scattered, unco-ordinated, and speedily crushed.The scene faded out, the original newsman returned to state importantly that other developments would be transmitted as they occurred.Then there was dance music, and Ebling Mis t hrew the shield that cut the power.Toran rose and walked falteringly away, without a word. The psychologist made no move to stop him.When Bayta stepped out of the kitchen, Mis motioned silence.He said, Theyve taken Haven.And Bayta said, Already? Her look were round, and sick with disbelief.Without a fight. Without an unprin- He stopped and swallowed. Youd infract leave Toran alone. Its not pleasant for him. Suppose we eat without him this once.Bayta looked once toward the pilot room, then turned hopelessly. Very wellMagnifico sat unnoticed at the table. He neither spoke nor ate however stared ahead with a concentrated fear that seemed to drain all the vitality out of his thread of a body.Ebling Mis pushed abstractedly at his iced-fruit dessert and said, harshly, Two Trading worlds fight. They fight, and bleed, and die and dont surrender. Only at Haven Just as at the Foundation- further why? Why?The psychologist shook his head. Its of a piece with all the problem. Every queer fa cet is a hint at the nature of the Mule. First, the problem of how he could conquer the Foundation, with little blood, and at a single blow essentially while the Independent Trading Worlds held out. The blanket on nuclear reactions was a puny weapon weve discussed that back and aside till Im sick of it and it did not work on any but the Foundation.Randu suggested, and Eblings grizzly eyebrows pulled to complicateher, it might have been a radiant Will-Depresser. Its what might have do the work on Haven. But then why wasnt it used on Mnemon and Iss which even now fight with such demonic intensity that it is taking fractional(prenominal) the Foundation fleet in addition to the Mules forces to beat them down. Yes, I recognized Foundation ships in the attack.Bayta whispered, The Foundation, then Haven. Disaster seems to follow us, without touching. We always seem to get out by a hair. Will it last forever?Ebling Mis was not listening. To himself, he was making a point. But theres another problem another problem. Bayta, you withdraw the news item that the Mules merry andrew was not found on Terminus that it was suspected he had fled to Haven, or been carried there by his original kidnappers. There is an enormousness attached to him, Bayta, that doesnt fade, and we have not located it yet. Magnifico mustiness know something that is fatal to the Mule. Im sure of it. Magnifico, white and stuttering, protested, Sire noble lord indeed, I swear it is early(prenominal) my poor reckoning to penetrate your wants. I have told what I know to the utter limits, and with your probe, you have drawn out of my meager wit that which I knew, but knew not that I knew.I know I know. It is something small. A hint so small that neither you nor I recognize it for what it is. Yet I must find it for Mnemon and Iss will go soon, and when they do, we are the last remnants, the last droplets of the independent Foundation.The stars become to cluster closely when the core of the G alaxy is penetrated. Gravitational fields begin to overlap at intensities sufficient to introduce perturbations in an interstellar jump that can not be overlooked.Toran became aware of that when a jump landed their ship in the full glare of a red giant which clutched viciously, and whose udder was loosed, then wrenched apart, only after twelve sleepless, soul-battering hours.With charts limited in scope, and an experience not at all fully developed, either operationally or mathematically, Toran resigned himself to days of careful plotting between jumps.It became a community project of a sort. Ebling Mis checked Torans math and Bayta tested possible routes, by the various generalized methods, for the presence of real solutions. Even Magnifico was border to work on the calculating machine for routine computations, a type of work, which, once explained, was a source of great amusement to him and at which he was surprisingly proficient.So at the end of a month, or nearly, Bayta was a ble to survey the red line that wormed its way through the ships trimensional model of the Galactic Lens halfway to its center, and say with Satiric relish, You know what it looks like. It looks like a ten-foot earth-worm with a terrific case of indigestion. Eventually, youll land us back in Haven.I will, growled Toran, with a fierce rustle of his chart, if you dont shut up.And at that, continued Bayta, there is believably a route fight through, straight as a meridian of longitude.Yeah? Well, in the first place, dimwit, it probably took five 100 ships five hundred years to work out that route by hit-and-miss, and my lousy half-credit charts dont give it. Besides, maybe those straight routes are a good thing to avoid. Theyre probably clotted up with ships. And besides-Oh, for Galaxys sake, stop driveling and slavering so much righteous indignation. Her hands were in his hair.He yowled, Ouch Let go seized her wrists and whipped downward, whereupon Toran, Bayta, and chair formed a ta ngled trine on the floor. It degenerated into a panting wrestling match, composed mostly of choking laughter and various foul blows.Toran broke loose at Magnificos breathless entrance.What is it?The lines of dread puckered the clowns face and tightened the skin whitely over the enormous bridge of his nose. The instruments are behaving queerly, sir. I have not, in the knowledge of my ignorance, touched anything-In two seconds, Toran was in the pilot room. He said quietly to Magnifico, Wake up Ebling Mis. Have him come down here.He said to Bayta, who was trying to get a basic order back to her hair by use of her fingers, Weve been detected, Bay.Detected? And Baytas arms dropped. By whom?Galaxy knows, muttered Toran, but I imagine by someone with blasters already ranged and trained.He sat down and in a low voice was already sending into the sub-ether the ships identification code.And when Ebling Mis entered, bathrobed and blear-eyed, Toran said with a desperate calm, It seems were in side the borders of a local anesthetic Inner Kingdom which is called the Autarchy of Filia.Never heard of it, said Mis, abruptly.Well, neither did I, replied Toran, but were being stopped by a Filian ship just the same, and I dont know what it will involve.The captain-inspector of the Filian ship crowded aboard with six armed men following him. He was short, thin-haired, thin-lipped, and dry-skinned. He coughed a sharp cough as he sat down and threw open the folio under his arm to a blank page.Your passports and ships clearance, please.We have none, said Toran.None, hey? he snatched up a microphone suspended from his belt and spoke into it quickly, Three men and one woman. Papers not in order. He made an accompanying notation in the folio.He said, Where are you from?Siwenna, said Toran warily.Where is that?Thirty thousand parsecs, eighty degrees west Trantor, forty degrees-Never mind, never mind Toran could see that his inquisitor had written down train of origin Periphery.The Fil ian continued, Where are you issue?Toran said, Trantor sector.Purpose?Pleasure trip.Carrying any cargo?No.Hm-m-m. Well check on that. He nodded and two men jumped to activity. Toran made no move to interfere.What brings you into Filian territory? The Filians eyes gleamed unamiably.We didnt know we were. I lack a proper chart.You will be required to pay a hundred ascribe for that lack and, of course, the usual fees required for tariff duties, et cetera.He spoke again into the microphone but listened more than he spoke. Then, to Toran, Know anything about nuclear engineering science?A little, replied Toran, guardedly.Yes? The Filian closed his folio, and added, The men of the Periphery have a knowledgeable reputation that way. Put on a suit and come with me.Bayta stepped forward, What are you going to do with him?Toran put her aside gently, and asked coldly, Where do you want me to come?Our power plant needs minor adjustments. Hell come with you. His pointing finger aimed directl y at Magnifico, whose dark-brown eyes opened wide in a blubbery dismay.Whats he got to do with it? demanded Toran fiercely.The official looked up coldly. I am informed of pirate activities in this vicinity. A description of one of the known thugs tallies roughly. It is a purely routine matter of identification. Toran hesitated, but six men and six blasters are eloquent arguments. He reached into the cupboard for the suits.An hour later, he rose upright in the bowels of the Filian ship and raged, Theres not a thing wrong with the motors that I can see. The busbars are true, the L-tubes are feeding properly and the reaction analysis checks. Whos in charge here?The head engineer said quietly, I am.Well, get me out of here-He was led to the officers level and the small anteroom held only an indifferent ensign.Wheres the man who came with me?Please wait, said the ensign.It was fifteen minutes later that Magnifico was brought in.What did they do to you? asked Toran quickly.Nothing. Nothi ng at all. Magnificos head shook a slow negative.It took two hundred and fifty credits to fulfill the demands of Filia fifty credits of it for instant release and they were in free space again.Bayta said with a forced laugh, Dont we rate an escort? Dont we get the usual figurative boot over the border?And Toran replied, grimly, That was no Filian ship and were not difference for a while. Come in here.They gathered about him.He said, whitely, That was a Foundation ship, and those were the Mules men aboard.Ebling bent to pick up the cigar he had dropped. He said, present? Were fifteen thousand parsecs from the Foundation. And were here. Whats to prevent them from making the same trip. Galaxy, Ebling, dont you think I can tell ships apart? I saw their engines, and thats enough for me. I tell you it was a Foundation engine in a Foundation ship.And how did they get here? asked Bayta, logically. What are the chances of a random meeting of two given ships in space?Whats that to do wit h it? demanded Toran, hotly. It would only show weve been followed.Followed? hooted Bayta. Through hyperspace?Ebling Mis interposed wearily, That can be done given a good ship and a great pilot. But the possibility doesnt impress me.I havent been masking my trail, insisted Toran. Ive been building up take-off speed on the straight. A blind man could have calculated our route.The blazes he could, cried Bayta. With the starchy jumps you are making, observing our initial direction didnt mean a thing. We came out of the jump wrong-end forwards more than once.Were wasting time, blazed Toran, with gritted teeth. Its a Foundation ship under the Mule. Its stopped us. Its searched us. Its had Magnifico alone with me as hostage to keep the rest of you quiet, in case you suspected. And were going to bum it out of space right now.Hold on now, and Ebling Mis clutched at him. Are you going to destroy us for one ship you think is an enemy? Think, man, would those scuppers chase us over an impo ssible route half through the bestinkered Galaxy, look us over, and then let us go?Theyre still interested in where were going.Then why stop us and put us on our guard? You cant have it both ways, you know.Ill have it my way. Let go of me, Ebling, or Ill knock you down.Magnifico leaned forward from his balanced perch on his favourite chair back. His long nostrils flared with excitement. I crave your pardon for my interruption, but my poor mind is of a sudden plagued with a queer thought.Bayta anticipated Torans gesture of annoyance, and added her grip to Eblings. Go ahead and speak, Magnifico. We will all listen faithfully.Magnifico said, In my stay in their ship what addled wits I have were bemazed and bemused by a chattering fear that befell men. Of a truth I have a lack of memory of most that happened. Many men staring at me, and talk I did not understand. But towards the last as though a beam of sunlight had dashed through a cloud disruption there was a face I knew. A glimps e, the merest glimmer and yet it glows in my memory ever stronger and brighter.Toran said, Who was it?That captain who was with us so long a time ago, when first you saved me from slavery.It had obviously been Magnificos intention to create a sensation, and the delighted smile that curled broadly in the shadow of his proboscis, attested to his actualisation of the intentions success.Captain Han Pritcher? demanded Mis, sternly. Youre sure of that? Certain sure now?Sir, I swear, and he laid a bone-thin hand upon his narrow chest. I would uphold the truth of it before the Mule and swear it in his teeth, though all his power were behind him to deny it.Bayta said in pure wonder, Then whats it all about? The clown faced her eagerly, My lady, I have a theory. It came upon me, ready made, as though the Galactic Spirit had gently laid it in my mind. He actually raised(a) his voice above Torans interrupting objection.My lady, he addressed himself exclusively to Bayta, if this captain had, like us, escaped with a ship if he, like us, were on a trip for a purpose of his own devising if he blundered upon us he would suspect us of following and waylaying him, as we suspect him of the like. What wonder he played this buffoonery to enter our ship?Why would he want us in his ship, then? demanded Toran. That doesnt fit.Why, yes, it does, clamored the clown, with a flowing inspiration. He sent an underling who knew us not, but who described us into his microphone. The listening captain would be struck at my own poor likeness for, of a truth there are not many in this great Galaxy who bear a resemblance to my scantiness. I was the proof of the identity of the rest of you.And so he leaves us?What do we know of his mission, and the secrecy thereof? lie has spied us out for not an enemy and having it done so, must he needs think it wise to gamble his plan by widening the knowledge thereof?Bayta said slowly, Dont be stubborn, Torie. It does explain things.It could be, agreed M is.Toran seemed helpless in the face of united resistance. Something in the clowns silvern explanations bothered him. Something was wrong. Yet he was bewildered and, in spite of himself, his anger ebbed.For a while, he whispered, I thought we might have had one of the Mules ships.And his eyes were dark with the pain of Havens loss.The others understood.

Critical Thinking Questions- Ap World Essay

1. Discuss the fate of the indigenous populations of the get together States, Canada and Latin America. How did their fate relate to the smell out of mission in each area? During the 19th and early 20th centuries, many of the indigenous people were treated unfairly and no respect was effrontery for either them or their land. Many of these natives were forced off their land and left homeless because industries wanted to use the land for industrial purposes. In places like the United States, the government would often kick the natives of their land in order for the land to be used for new settlers and railroads.Because of such treatment, many natives were forced to migrate forward from their homelands. Later on, the governments started to pass laws and reforms to try to force many of the Native Americans to convert to the white way of life and give up their lands more willingly. The Trail of crying began when these Native Americans were forced to move away. The Trail of Tears repre sended the quick and abrupt movement of these people from their homelands who were forced to migrate in order to disclose a new home to live in. In many other areas, like Canada, many of the natives even took a stand and started to fight back. In Canada, a native named Louis Riel started to take charge of the indigenous people as well as the metis, and began to lead his people as they worked toward their rights. Eventually, Riel and his new government were dismantled and sent to live in exile.During this time, construction had begun on the railroads, which had threatened the settlement of the indigenous people. Although the indigenous people fought hard, the Canadians had dominated and continued to use their land in the watt for industrial reason. Over in Latin America, the indigenous people were being pushed off of their homelands by the Creole elites as they attempted to raise a title of respect on American lands which would be used for agricultural purposes, as well as ranchin g. The creoles began to establish Euro-American hegemony which allowed them to have an easier time taking over the land.2. Examine the see to it of Emiliano Zapata on page 859. What role did he play in Mexican business relationship? What role did peasants and kindly stresses play in Latin American history? Emiliano Zapata was definitely on the most influential people in the Mexican Revolution during the 20th centuries. He worked alongside Francisco Pancho Villa to lead the lower clubes. Zapata was a rattling charismatic person and was able to organize massive armies to fight for land and liberty, or tierra y libertad. He challenged the Mexican government and political control along with Villa.He confiscated hacienda lands and distributed them to the peasants. Both he and Villa managed to avoid being maked by both the U.S. and Mexican forces. Zapata, no matter how popular and powerful he became, never managed to capture any of Mexicos major cities. He was killed in 1919 after b eing captured by government forces. This successfully ended the Mexican Revolution. And yet, if all of the workers, peasants, and middle class people not joined the fight, there might not even had been a revolution or even a constitution.These people began to feel the well-disposed stresses between them and the upper classes over the estates. This caused them to join in the revolution in hopes of a better life. La Reforma played a major role in forming these social stresses because when the attempt to create a small independent farm society by redistributing land, it failed because the land was bought up by the upper-class and transformed into plantations and haciendas. To conclude, the forms of social stresses such as class division, rebellion, and caudillo rule, and civil war lead to a period of instability and conflict in Mexican history.

The Digestive System and the Urinary System

man loves provender and loves to eat. His appetite is incessantly good and in some cases, he will eat nutrient even if he is not hungry especially if the food is tasty. Of course, food has to get into the melodic line to be carried to the automobile trunks cells. Only soluble food or food which has already been dissolved smoke do this. Most of the food we eat, however, is insoluble. Even if you grind it down finely, it still wont dissolve. And so, to yield use of it, our embody has to break it down into chemical substances which can dissolve.This breakdown is called digestion, and it takes place in the digestive schema. after(prenominal) our body completely utilizes the food and its nutrients or minerals, it becomes waste and this waste should be removed. It is now the part or role of the urinary musical arrangement to control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood by the kidneys. pinch these twain systems, working hand in hand, would further i mprove unitys appreciation of how our body functions. Our digestive system is a tube with deuce openings and many specialized electric organs.It extends from the babble of the anus and is also called the gastrointestinal tract. An interesting fact about the gastrointestinal tract is that while food or food residues argon in it, technically the material is still outside the body. Nutrients dont officially enter the body until they move from the space inside the digestive tube, its lumen, into the bloodstream. From beginning to end, mucus-coated epithelium lines surfaces facing the lumen. The thick, moist mucus protects the fence of the tube and enhances diffusion across its inner lining.When we eat, the food advances in one direction, following the major(ip) components of the military personnel race digestive system, from the mouth or oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, breadbasket, small intestine and the deep intestine or colon. The full-grown intestine ends in the rectum, ana l canal and anus. . If the complete digestive system of an adult human race were full stretched out, it would extend 6. 5 to 9 meters or 21 to 30 feet definitely one big tube. The mouth or the oral cavity is the entrance to the digestive system where the food is moistened and chewed. It can be express that the polysaccharide digestion starts in the mouth.The pharynx is the entrance to the tubular part of the system and to the respiratory system as well. It moves the food toward by contracting sequentially. On the other hand, the esophagus is the muscular, saliva-moistened tube that moves food from pharynx to stomach. The stomach is the muscular sac which stretches to store the food we take, faster than can be processed. Gastric fluid mixes with food and kills many pathogens. If the mouth is the place for polysaccharide digestion, the stomach is the place where protein digestion starts. It secretes grhelin.Grhelin is the appetite hormone which is responsible for those individuals w ho always want to eat. The small intestine on the other hand, has three parts. The first part of the small intestine, to wit the duodenum which is C-shaped and al some 10 inches long, receives secretions from the pancreas, gallbl subjoiner and liver. The second part, the jejunum which is almost three feet long, is the part of the small intestine where most nutrients be digested and absorbed. The third part is the ileum which is six to seven feet long and absorbs some nutrients and delivers unabsorbed material to large intestine.The large intestine concentrates and stores undigested matter by absorbing mineral ions and water. The large intestine of the adult human is about five feet long and it is divided into ascending transverse and descending portions. The last two major components of the digestive system be the rectum and the anus. The rectum is the distension which stimulates expulsion of the feces while the anus is the end of the digestive system and has a terminal opening by dint of which feces are expelled. (Smith and Morton, 2001). The other system, urinary system, consists only of the two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder and the urethra.The two kidneys are shaped like beans, with the indentation or hilum, which faces medially. The kidney contains some(prenominal) excretory and collecting elements in the form of epithelial tubes and cavities, which are separated and supported by link tissue laced with blood vessels. The two ureters, urinary bladder and urethra are all collecting elements. The ureters broaden the urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. A single urethra then carries the urine to the outside. We should be aware that the urethra is one component of the urinary system whose final come upment and location differ in the male and female.The ureters and urinary bladder are also lined with transitional epithelium. Surrounding this lining are thick walls organise by multiple layers of smooth muscle held together by connective tissue, particularly prominent in the urinary bladder. The urethra is lined by a combination of epithelial types, ranging from transitional to stratified squamous. The stratified squamous is the epithelium characteristic of structure close to or on the outside of the body (Premkumar, 2004). To sum the components and functions of the urinary system, the two kidneys produce urine while the ureters convey the urine to the urinary bladder.The urinary bladder in impart stores the urine while the urethra transports the urine out of the body. The digestive system maintains the homeostasis in the human body through mechanical processing and motility, secretion, digestion, absorption and extermination. In mechanical processing and motility, movements of the various parts, such as teeth, mother tongue and muscle layers, break up, mix and propel the food material that we eat. In secretion, the digestive enzymes and other substances are released into the digestive tube.Digestion eliminates when the food that we eat is chemically broken down into nutrient molecules until they become small large to be absorbed. Following digestion, of course, is absorption, where the digested nutrients and fluid pass across the tube wall and into blood or the lymph. Finally, elimination takes place when the undigested and unabsorbed residues are eliminated form the end of the digestive system or gastrointestinal tract. patch the urinary system maintains homeostasis in the body by excreting and reabsorbing important electrolytes, compounds and water.Depending on the changes in the bloods venereal infection-base balance, the kidneys can either excrete hydrogen carbonate or form new bicarbonate and add it to the blood. The necessary chemical reactions go on in the cells of the so called nephron tubule walls. For example, when the blood is too acid such as when we drink softdrinks or soda, water and carbon dioxide combine with the help of an enzyme. They form a compound called the carbo nic acid that then can be broken into bicarbonate and H+. Then, the bicarbonate produced in the reactions moves into the interstitial fluid, and form there into peritubular capillaries.It ends up in the general circulation, where it buffers excess H+. H+ formed in the tubule cells is removed from the body. It is secreted into the nephrons lumen, where it may combine with bicarbonate ions in the filtrate. sadly for them, those ions cant cross the tubule wall. But when bicarbonate is not available, the excess H+ combines with phosphate ions or ammonia and is excreted in the urine. This is how kidneys rid the body of hydrogen ions. On the other hand, when the blood is too alkaline, chemical adjustments in the kidneys normally ensure that less bicarbonate is reabsorbed into the bloodstream.Based on how the structure and function of two organ systems collaborate to maintain the bodys homeostasis, I think that a robot having a digestive system and urinary system exactly alike that of the humans is impossible. Robots can be used to restore or treat digestive or urinary system problems simply robots having these systems seem impossible. More generally, robots are used to treat humans and help doctors in surgeries. This is evident in the use of robots in operating theatre or the so-called Surgical Robotics which is considered to be the state of the art and future trend, especially towards autonomy (Finlay, 2007).The examples of medical exam robot taxonomy are medical robots, running(a) robotics, non-surgical robotics, image guided robots and multi-arm telemanipulators. They are also used in neurosurgery and there are new developments such as the developing strategic surgical robots and tactical surgical robots. On the contrary, robots may have a digestive system or urinary system that is alike(p) or functions the same way as the digestive system or urinary system of humans, but not totally or exactly the same.If humans were to create robots with digestive system s of urinary systems, then that would be really difficult and the resulting project would be really complex. In addition to this, it would require us to develop sophisticated nanotechnology or use a lot of nanotechnology just to create one digestive system or one urinary system. After all, it is the body which secretes the enzymes or chemicals which conducts the bodily processes needed in the human body. A robot cannot simply produce the chemicals which are exactly the same as what our body creates or secretes.A hypothetical digestive and urinary system for a robot would look similar to the parts and processes that occur inside the automobiles. The gasoline is the robots food and the carburetor or the pistons are the teeth of the robot. An locomotive will serve as the stomach and in the case of a effervesce ignition engine, the spark will be similar to the chemicals or enzyme which the digestive system releases in order to digest or ignite the food. The gasoline which was not prop erly utilized or if incomplete combustion occurs, carbon dioxide or other gas emissions (similar to feces in the human body) will be released in the exhaust.

Brain Development Essay

The eldest eight geezerhood of a electric s capturers life ar non moreover the near important years of a childs life, simply as well as the most rapid period of homosexual shootment throughout a human life. These years are critical to the emotional and physical growth of a child. By the age of four, half of a persons intelligence potential has already been developed and previous(predicate) childishness experiences piece of ass bedevil a lasting effect on temper, behavior, and learning. (Early, 2001) These first eight years of life are broken down into the first devil years, early childishness, and philia childhood. Throughout these three delivers of life, the outlook does most of its developing and determines the life that person will lead. The developing of a childs mentality travel upon the interactions and experiences a child has with its parents and any other primary caregivers in the drawning of life. During the first two years of a childs life, a lot oc curs in their whiz which is essential to their life. When a child is innate(p), about seventy percent of their neurons are located in their cortex. (Berger, 2010) In an infant, the cortex is made up of thin layers of tissues that cover the wag and make the thought process possible. The layers related to the basic senses tend to ripe(p) pretty early in an infants life, moreover the anterior cortex is one that matures late. The prefrontal cortex is responsible for anticipation, planning, and impulse control and is practically inoperative during the first few months of life. It doesnt sound to mature until childhood and continues to through adolescence and adulthood. (Boyd, 2010)Areas of the brain are very important for basic needs to support such as breathing and heartbeat deep in the skull. Emotions and impulses are controlled somewhere in the essence of the brain and perception and cognition are in the cortex. Even though at birth the brain contains more neurons than it need s, it contains fewer dendrites and synapses than it will obtain throughout life. In the cortex, the growth of synapses, axons, and dendrites takes place quickly in the first months and years of an infants life. This causes the brain weight to triple by the age of two. In addition, five times as many dendrites and one hundred trillion synapses are present by the age of two. This large growth of dendrites is followed by pruning. Pruning is the process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die, so that new ones tar bring out grow. (Berger, 2010) Pruning is very important in the development of a healthybrain. If in that location is too much or too little pruning going on, problems can occur. When there is too little pruning, children make have intellectual disabilities that makes thinking difficult, such as autism. When there is too much pruning, it can lead to a reduction of brain activity. (Berger, 2010) Infant brains to not develop correctly if they lack certain expe riences that all humans need, such as stimulation. Babies need to be contend with and talked to during their first years in order to encourage movement and allow sensations. If babies are not talked to or played with, it can stunt the brain. Infants are satisfied with even the most simple objects and facial expressions. mankind brains are designed to grow and adapt with whatever object they have avail adapted and whoever provides them with every daylight assist. Every baby will go through a stressful experience here and there, but it is patterns of mistreatment that harm their brain, not moments. (Berger, 2010) The most important parts of the brain develop during early childhood. Between the ages of two and six, planning, thinking, social awareness, and language occur in the cortex. It is during early childhood when the prefrontal cortex starts to mature. This allows young children to begin to plan ahead and even think about the noncurrent. (Berger, 2010) The biggest increase in brain weight by and by the first two years is because of myelination. Myelination continues for years and it is a life-long process, but is most apparent in early childhood. It speeds the transmission of nerve impulses between neurons and becomes pivotal when multiple thoughts and actions have to take place all at once. (Boyd, 2010) By time most children turn six, they can see object and name them, catch a ball and throw it, and write and say their ABCs in order. It is important that when children are doing these things, that the adults in their lives are patient. The only way children are going to learn how to tie their shoes, write their name, or get dressed, is if they do it on their own with a little help from a parent. If a parent is continuously yelling at a child to hurry or take over, their child will endlessly think that they cant do it by themselves. (Berger, 2010)In early childhood, children have the tendency to stay on to a thought for a long time instead of switchi ng to another. This is why children at this stage have difficulty sorting objects. Once a child is told to sort something by color and do it correctly, if they are told to next sort by shape, they try to sort by color again. However, something inthe brain matures between ages three and five that allows children to grow out of perseveration. (Berger, 2010) The corpus callosum grows rapidly during early childhood. This long, thick mountain of nerve fibers that connects the left and right sides of the brain ,make communication between the hemispheres better and allows children to organise both sides of the brain and the body. (Boyd, 2010) If the corpus callosum does not mature, it could result in serious disorders such as autism. It is important that children can coordinate both sides of the brain because both sides are normally involved in every skill, even though both sides do different things. (Berger, 2010) The corpus amygdaloideum, the hippocampus, and the hypothalamus are cruci al to emotional expression and regulation during early childhood. The amygdala registers positive and negative emotion, including fear. Increased activity in the amygdala can cause young children to have nightmares or phobias. (Berger, 2010) Located next to the amygdala, the hippocampus is in control of memory.Children are able to remember memories they had at certain locations that will follow them through adulthood. The hypothalamus responds to symbols from both of these parts of the brain. The hypothalamus produces a hormone called cortisol to get off parts of the brain and body. As all three of these parts of the brain develop, children pay close attention to their parents emotions. If they sense that their parent is scared or worried, they will also develop fear. (Berger, 2010) Brain maturation in young children is advanced, but like in infants, experience and parental relationships has an impact too. Brain maturation only increases more throughout middle childhood. Since the brain has no areas specific for reading like it does for talking, gestures, and expressions, humans have to learn to read on their own. This is possible because of extensive interconnections between the parts of the brain that deal with sounds, vision, and comprehending. (Berger, 2010) These massive interconnections are not only needed for reading but for many other social skills as well. Several parts of the brain connect to enable for many activities, reading, writing, logic, and social decisions. Children require more connections than adults because they lots use more parts of their brain for activities than adults do. (Boyd, 2010) The older that children get, the quicker their reaction time gets. In middle childhood, children are more efficient learners because of their more speedy reactions.In additionto thinking quickly, children are able to pay more attention in middle childhood. As children get older, they get better at concentrating on one stimuli and ignoring others. The y are more able to focus on one thing and not get distracted by others. This normally happens by the age of seven. (Berger, 2010) In middle childhood children also learn how to do math. They adopt newer, better strategies to solve math problems. Although they arent always perfect, they can usually find the right answer. In children during middle adulthood they may know the answer one day, but it isnt permanently in their brain and they may not know they answer the next day. (Berger, 2010) other way children advance in middle childhood is through memory. They are better at connecting their past knowledge to what they are doing in that moment. Children realize that some things should be remembered and they begin to strategies like repeating themselves in order to remember them. They also use strategies like visual clues such as remember how a word looks or auditory clues like remembering how a word sounds. In middle childhood childrens memory becomes more adaptive and they are able t o learn from their parents, teachers, and friends. (Berger, 2010) From the time children are born until they reach adolescence they are developing rapidly in their brain and bodies.Although most of the development of the brain during childhood is genetic, it is so important for parents to interact with their children, be patient with them, teach them new things, and set the best specimen they can for their children so they can become healthy adults. Brain development doesnt stop later on childhood, but continues to develop throughout adulthood. Almost all of the brain development takes place during childhood and the first several years of a persons life are the most important to their personality and their future.ReferencesEarly Childhood Development The Key to a Full and Productive Life. New York UNICEF, 2001. PDF. (Early, 2001) Berger, Kathleen Stassen. Invitation to the Life Span. secondly ed. New York Worth, 2010. Print. (Berger, 2010)Boyd, Denise Roberts., and Helen L. Bee. The Growing Child. Boston Allyn & Bacon, 2010. Print. (Boyd, 2010)

Reward Systems Essay

at once of a managers most master(prenominal) tools is the ability to select rewards and cartridge holder the rewards properly. Even if managers ar not solely responsible for financial rewards, they preempt use a number of tools to add-on the authorization of their shaping. Reward frames provoke address several principal(prenominal) managerial objectives as they re deep to employee motivating. A squ ar reward system requires concerted attention in its development. The following sections give up a basis for a well-contructed reward system.Purposes of Reward SystemsReward systems serve several purposes in makeups. Effective reward systems helper an transcription be much competitive, retain key employees, and reduce turn everywhere. Reward systems alike can enhance employee motivation and reinforce the image of an organization among key stakeholders or future employees. People be the most important resource for organizational competitiveness, and keeping them on the j ob is a key task for any manager. rivalry to attract and keep the best employees is intense. For people flavor for a career opportunity, thats great news, barely as a manager of an organization claiming to keep the best and brightest, it is a challenge. It may be evening harder in the nonprofit and public sectors where flexibility in providing financial rewards may be much confine than in a commercial context. Retaining employees saves money on retraining costs, improves the consistency of services, and allows for relationships to develop mingled with invitees and the organization. In adjunct, proper rewards systems can reduce absences. Absences cause innumerable headaches for managers. Instructors who dont show up, too a few(prenominal) staff members at busy clocks, and the lack of a cleanup crew can all increase employment stress. Absences not only affect the manager only if also fellow employees who aim to rob up the slack and clients who feel the brunt of too f ew employees on site. As suggested earlier, understanding who, what, and when to reward can improve employees performance.However, the improper use of rewards can have a debilitating effect on employee performance. Managers need to understand their employees perceptions of the importance and fairness of the reward and then clearly communicate what inescapably to be do to receive the reward. Effective use of rewards can encourage employees to gain the skills that are necessary tohelp them and the organization grow. This can also increase their desire to strain being part of the organization. For example, an organization can have and provide era off for employees who want to take advanced courses in an area that is valuable for the organization. whatever organizations may even provide time off or support to help employees advance their testify personal goals or skill sets. Ideally, an organization wants employees who not only show up to give out plainly are excited ab tabu be ing there as well. This passion for formulate has been referred to as affectional commitment. Although research is whateverwhat preliminary, there is whatsoever indication that affective commitment can be strengthen by rewards that enhance employee perceptions of being supported and having control of the work situation. Finally, reward systems can also help with recruiting efforts. Just as able customers may be the best advertisement for a particular product, happy employees are oft a great tool for recruiting new employees and making the organization a workplace of weft. Think about the kind of job you want. Often you pull up stakes easily be able to delineate an organization that stands above the others as a great place to work. As a consequence of this, the organization can attract the best and brightest, creating a virtuous circle whereby it becomes an even more attractive workplace. hopefully you can see that establishing the right reward structure for an organization is critical to its success. The following sections delve into the lucubrate of various reward structures.Types of RewardsUnderstanding how each employee perceives and values different rewards is an essential part of management. Managers need to clutch an understanding of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards. Extrinsic rewards are external rewards tied to certain employee behaviors, skills, time, or roles in an organization. How employees perceive these rewards relevant to their performance and the rewards condition to others entrust ultimately determine the legalness of the rewards. Managers also need to understand how much value each employee places on specific extrinsic rewards. For example, a well-paid but overworked employee may value additional vacation time or a trim workload more than a few bare dollars. Money, p provide, awards, and incentive prizes much(prenominal) as tickets to a concert or a back are all examples of extrinsic motivators. Whatever motivator the manager chooses, the employee must seethe reward as a motivator for it to be effective. For example, if the extrinsic reward is tickets to the opera, an employee who hates the opera likely would not be move by the tickets. On the other hand, if the employee is a football fan and the extrinsic reward is tickets to a major game, the motivator might be more effective. It is simpler to explain what intrinsic rewards are by discussing what they are not. integral rewards do not have an obvious external incentive that is, people are not performing to get a tangible reward, be it time off or money. Instead, they act because it feels good or provides some form of internal satisfaction. Intrinsic rewards are often more highly valued and more effective over time, yet using them is a difficult managerial task. Intrinsic rewards derive from employees timbre good about the job they have done, the effort they have put forward, or the role they play in a team project. Intrinsic rewards in the workplace come from the job itself, so to provide intrinsic reinforcement, a manager should enrich the job. Job enrichment involves improving work processes and environments so they are more satisfying for employees, such as eliminating dysfunctional elements or enlarging jobs (increasing the duties and responsibilities of a job). Developing an effective reward system can be a difficult task. The following sections provide some guidance on the bedrock of an effective reward system. These sections focus almost exclusively on extrinsic rewards, but intrinsic rewards should also be considered when developing each employees job.Monetary Versus Nonmonetary RewardsMonetary rewards are most commonly given in the form of remuneration increases, bonuses, or increases in benefits, such as pension or wellness care premiums. Such rewards can be divided into two categories direct and indirect compensation (table 11.1). both contribute to the financial betterment of an employee. Direct compensation is r elatively straightforward and consists of increases in hourly hire, increases in hours (for nonsalaried employees), increases in salary, merit pay found on performance, seniority pay based on time with an organization, and bonuses based on the achievement of individual, group, or organizational objectives.Indirect monetary compensation includes increases to benefits or the additionof benefits such as a dental plan. It can also include paid leave in the form of vacation days, days off for training, or longer time off such as a sabbatical, as well as paid leave for illness, feel for for a child, or caring for an elderly parent. Additionally, some organizations may offer services as part of an indirect compensation package, such as on-site child care, an elder care program, an on-site cafeteria, a games room or gym, and hugger-mugger counseling services for employees and their families. Again, indirect compensation should be valuable to employees and ideally should offer choices fr om a localize of services. Nonmonetary rewards cost the organization but do not directly improve the employees financial military position (table 11.1). Supplying employees with the best tools possible to do their job is an example, such as providing a new high-end laptop or having an excellent training facility for coaches at a university. A good office location, choice of furnishings, or special parking place can all be nonmonetary rewards. Employees may not sock the full details of pay and other monetary benefits of coworkers, but nonmonetary rewards are often visible and can create perceptions of inequity in an organization. In some cases, this may be the intent of managers who want employees to contact to achieve the stereotypical corner office, but often it may also unintentionally encourage feelings of inequity. That inequity may have positive implications for an organization if employees strive to increase performance, or it can result in turnover and reduced performanc e. As with any reward, nonmonetary rewards need to be carefully thought out out front being implemented.Performance-Based Versus Membership-Based RewardsOne of the most difficult challenges for managers is to decide what to base rewards on. A common distinction is performance-based versus membership-based rewards. As the name implies, performance-based rewards are tied to the ability of an individual, team, group, or organization to meet some previously agreed-upon normal of performance. Performance rewards are based on an evaluation of contribution and awards are allocated based on that evaluation. Membership-based rewards are allocated solely for being part of a group within an organization. These rewards commonly include annual cost-of-living increases to a base salary or support for an equity policy. For example, if a park and recreation department was realiseing toencourage staff to have masters degrees or obtain certification, they might offer pay incentives for having eith er or both. Membership-based rewards are also often tied to length of time with an organization. For instance, after a certain length of service with an organization, employees may receive a certain percentage increase to their pay or be eligible for additional benefits. In a unionized environment, many of these rewards are spelled out in a labor agreement. To illustrate the difference between the two structures, lets look at annual raises. A performance-based structure means that each employees performance is evaluated and raises are based on performance, with the highest performers getting the most money. A membership-based structure means that all employees receive the same raise regardless(prenominal) of performance. Membership structures can be demotivating to high performers because they get the same rewards despite working harder. non handed-down RewardsAs more and more managers understand the importance of individualizing reward systems, the use of nontraditional rewards wil l continue to grow. Time is often a key constraint, and for many people work is a major time commitment. Ways in which employees can individualize their work schedule are becoming more and more important rewards. Four methods of individualization are reduced workweeks, staggered daily schedules, flextime, and working from residence.Reduced WorkweekA reduced workweek often sees employees working a 4-day week instead of 5 days. In return for that extra day, employees work longer on their 4 days in the office. For example, in a 40-hour workweek from Monday by Friday, employees would work 8-hour days, but the reduced workweek would see hours increase to 10 hours a day for 4 days. The benefits to the employees are longer blocks of time to take care of their personal lives, less frequent and often less busy diversifys, and ultimately more useful time for themselves. The organization has no additional expenses and evidence suggests that absenteeism and time lost for personal reasons d ecreases. However, there are also downsides for both employees and the organization. Parents, for example, may follow it difficult to find child care that is open late or early enough to accommodate the longer work schedule. The longerwork day may also be a constraint to people who are involved in weekly evening activities, be it coaching a team or tending an art class. Some jobs may also not lend themselves to longer days. A lifeguard or sport instructor may be considerably less effective in those last 2 hours, which can lead to decreased performance and in some cases safety risks. Also, the hours and timing of work may affect service to clients. Even if an organization maintains its regular schedule, clients expecting to reach a particular person during traditional business hours may find the new schedule frustrating. Finally, reduced workweeks seem to be most effective when employees themselves are involved in creating the schedule. Understand that employees participating in r educed workweeks need to be plan so that the entire organization is not gone on FridayStaggered Daily ScheduleAn alternative to a reduced workweek may be a staggered daily schedule. Employees still work their designated weekly hours but can allocate those hours in different ways. For example, one employee may want to come in late and leave later to accommodate dropping off children. Someone else may prefer being in the office an hour earlier and leaving an hour earlier. These schedules may even be adapted weekly or monthly to accommodate changing employee needs. This idea meets employees individual needs but can often be difficult to manage. Again, a staggered daily schedule may not be appropriate in all settings and must consider not only employee needs but also organizational requirements and client desires.FlextimeFlextime allows some employee freedom while still meeting client and organizational needs. Employees are expected to be in the office during a certain time frame, usua lly ranging from 4 to 6 hours, such as 930 a.m. to 330 p.m. Flextime emphasizes productivity and allows the employee some leeway in that flexibility partition (before 930 a.m. and after 330 p.m.). For example, take Pat, an aquatics programmer. Pat has two school-aged children and requires some flexibility to drop them off and pick them up at school. Pat has worked with the employer and agreed that he will be at the pool between the hours of 930 and 330 but will complete the rest of his work elsewhere. This ensures that Pats coworkers and clients can reach him at predictable times while still allowing him the personal flexibility herequires at this point in his life. This type of location has been effective for many organizations and employees, although obviously it wont work in all situations. Flextime also allows a staff person more control over their hours. For example, a special events coordinator works 5 hours over the weekend. The following week, the coordinator comes in an hour later than usual each day.Working From HomeAs engineering has advanced, the option of working at home for some or all of the workday is becoming increasingly possible. A high-speed Internet connection and a laptop computer connected to the workplace earnings provide many people with everything they need to do their job. Obviously this arrangement is more desirable to some positions than others. A job developing programs for a municipal recreation department would be more suited to a work-at-home plan as opposed to the job of instructing the programs. Working for some or all of the workweek at home can offer fewer workplace distractions, allow employees time to concentrate on projects that are important to the organization, and make more effective use of the day by eliminating the need to commute as well as the usual time killers present in most offices. However, working from home is not for everyone. The distractions of the home require discipline, and for those who consisten tly work at home the blurred distinction between home and office can be unsettling. Additionally, monitoring employees at home is nearly impossible. Evaluation needs to be performance based and work-at-home schemes do not work for organizations that want to monitor how employees spend their time. Allowing employees to work at home part of the time, however, may be an excellent compromise for both employees and the organization.