The Sarbanes Oxley Act ( Fraud ) - 1075 Words

Fraudulent activities and embezzlement are more prevalent in organizations than most people think. Because of the multitude of previous scandals, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act has required all publicly traded U.S. companies to have internal auditing and internal controls to check for fraudulent activity and embezzlement. While the Sarbanes-Oxley Act only applies to public businesses, the requirements of it should be applied to all types of businesses, even universities. In the Case of the City University of New York, having internal controls and auditing would have halted the embezzlement occurring there. Several employees are under investigation, including former senior finance official, Carmine Marino. He is accused of siphoning about†¦show more content†¦As the discoverer, David W. Chen is qualified to report on the updates of the case and present facts and opinions. Chen’s original findings are summarized in his article â€Å"Lapses by CUNY Officials Made System Ripe for Abuse, Report Says† more clearly states his purpose for writing. Chen hopes to halt the siphoning of money that could be best used for students in need or campus projects. His previous experience as an investigative journalist allows him to only discuss facts and not wrongfully infer things regarding the investigation. He largely values his journalistic reputation and will not allow it to be fractured by incorrect statements. Both articles largely present facts about each case (Marino and Coico) and does not make inferences about the reasoning behind the embezzlement or connections. Instea d, he restates court documents and enables the understanding for a range of ages. This is one of the major strengths of his argument. He does not even insert any opinions of wrongdoing. His lack of judgement keeps his piece unbiased and strong. His use of quotations from various New York personnel adds personality and personalizes the piece. The quotes also allow readers to have an inside look to the scandal. Both articles state that â€Å"shoddy oversight and ineffective management at the City University of New York have created a system ‘ripe for abuse’† that assisted in the siphoning of money (Chen, 2016). The management there should have utilizedShow MoreRelatedAccounting Fraud, the Investor and the Sarbanes Oxley Act Essay1986 Words   |  8 PagesAccounting Fraud, the Investor and the Sarbanes Oxley Act Throughout the past several years major corporate scandals have rocked the economy and hurt investor confidence. The largest bankruptcies in history have resulted from greedy executives that â€Å"cook the books† to gain the numbers they want. 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INTRODUCTION An economic boom filled with fraud, collapsed in the early 2000s with the unravelling of Enron in October 2001 followed by the implosion of WorldCom and many others big corporations. The downfall of these major companies led to a wide spread crisis of confidence in the financial markets. A crisis caused by executive greed was able to be magnified when the gatekeepers, the auditors, lawyers and analystsRead MoreSarbanes-Oxley Act Research Paper1097 Words   |  5 PagesSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Karla Azcue ACC 120-09 Mr. Donald Senior The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is one of the most important legislations passed in the 21st century effecting financial practice and corporate governance. This act was passed on July 30, 2002 thanks to Representative Michael Oxley a republican from Ohio and Senator Paul Sarbanes a democrat from Maryland. They both passed two different bills that pertain to the same problem which had to do with corporations auditing accountabilityRead MoreACC 561 Week 2 Individual Assignment Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021432 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Sarbanes–Oxley, Sarbox or SOX, is a United States federal law which was introduced in 2002. It is also known as the â€Å"Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act† and â€Å"and Corporate and Auditing Accountability and Responsibility Act†. The main objective of the act is to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures. New aspects are created by SOX act for corporate account ability as well as new penalties for wrong doings. It was basically introducedRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act ( Act ) Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pages The Sarbanes Oxley Act is an act passed by the United States Congress to protect investors from the possibility of fraudulent accounting activities by corporation. The Sarbanes Oxley Act has strict reforms to improve financial disclosures from corporations and accounting fraud. The acts goals are designed to ensure that publicly traded corporations document what financial controls they are using and they are certified in doing so. The Sarbanes Oxley Act sets the highest level and most general requirementsRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was enacted to bring back public trust in markets. Building trust requires ethics within organizations. Through codes of ethics, organizations conduct themselves in a manner that promotes public trust. Through defining a code of ethi cs, organizations can follow, the market becomes fair for investors to have confidence in the integrity of the disclosures and financial reports given to them. 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The law is named after Senator Paul Sarbanes Democratic Party and GOP Congressman Michael G. Oxley. It was passed by large majorities in both Congress and the Senate and covers

Risk Analysis Model Strategies with Remanufacturing

Question: Describe about the Application of adversarial risk analysis model in pricing strategies with remanufacturing. Answer: 1. The initial price level of Sheridan in the year 1982 was set at $ 3.90 for the 104 carpet. When the price was increased from this level it observed that company suffered severe loss due to this decision. The marketing manager of the company Mel Walters also estimated that the company will be able to sell more than 630000 square yard of the carpets in the beginning of the year 1983. The company was further sure that it would be able to sell more than 150000 yard of the carpet material if it decided to drop the price back to $ 3.90. It was evident the the company would suffer loss in the share price if it decided to hold back the prices at $ 5.20 per carpet (Wu and Cheng-Han). The product was considered superior to many products when it was compared with other carpets in the market. Hence Walters was confident that even the price remained at $5.20, Sheridan will be able to sell a minimum of 65000 yard of the carpet volume. Despite of the fact that the company will be able to attract lot of customers at a price point of $ 5.20, it is not feasible for the company to set the price level of the carpet at this price range (Huang et al.). It was observed that the companys percentage share in the sale of the carpet in the year 1981 and 1982 was approximately 35% (192000/549000*100) and 181000/517500*100). At this point it can be observed that Sheridans pricing strategy was set at 5.20 which are same as the competitors pricing strategy. In the selling season at the end of the year 1982 the company decided to increase the price per square yard from $3.90 to $ 5.20 there was the fall observed in the overall selling price of the company with a sale volume of only 30% (135000/450000*100). Later on in the season it was further observed that the company was able to sell only 22.22%. (112500/562500*100) this decrease in the percentage of the company showed that it is not a good decision for the company to sell the existing carpets at a rate of $ 5.20. The previous decisions of the company lead to the reduction in the sales volume when the pricing strategy was set at $ 5.20 (Sato et al.). It was also observed by Rosen that the decision to keep the price at $ 3.20 would not impact on the competitors policy to set the price level. The other companies in the same line of the business will keep the same price of $ 3.90 and due to the specialized product quality of the company the company will be able to increase the sale volume and generate more amount of revenue. This would not have been possible if the company decided to keep the price level to $3.20. This was possible as there was no interdependence between the sales and other suppliers of the carpet existing in the market (Deng et al.). 2: If the company decided to holds its share price at $ 3.90, Sheridan needs to sell a total quantity of $ 41250 and will be able to earn a gross profit of $ 214500. The calculation of the same has been illustrated with the diagram as follows: Statement of Cost Profit:- Quantity : 150000 units Particulars Amount per unit Total Amount Sales Amount (A) : 3.90 585000 Cost of Goods Sold : Raw Material 0.52 78000 Materials Spoilage 0.049 7350 Direct Labor 0.962 144300 PRIME COST (B) 1.531 229650 Direct Depertment Overhead 0.13 19500 Indirect Department Overhead 0.52 78000 General Overhead 0.289 43350 FACTORY OVERHEAD ( C) 0.939 140850 COST OF GOODS SOLD (D=B+C) 2.47 370500 Gross Pofit (A-D) 1.43 214500 Calculation for Required Quantity:- Particulars Details Sale Price Per Unit 5.2 Total Gross Profit 214500 Required Sales Quanity 41250 3. Based on the available information it can be observed that there was no major interdependence between the sale of the carpets with the other carpets available for sale. It was observed that the company will be able to sell more than 630000 yard of the carpet material at a price per unit of $3.90. In this way the company would be able to keep the price competitive and at the same time able to achieve higher amount of sale and generate more revenue. This decision is ideal for the company in the beginning if the selling season of the year 1981 and the till the beginning of the selling season in the year 1982. The company may decide to increase the price per carpet in the end of the selling season 1982 this will enable the company to achieve higher amount of revenue (Oh et al.). 4. The companys decision to raise the price level at the end of the year 1982 was a good one as Sheridan was able to increase the volume of sales. In the year 1980 it was observed that the market share of Sheridan rose from 34.97% to 34.99% in the year 11981. Despite of this fact the sale revenue was observed to decrease from 1939600 to 1111500, this depicted a reduction in the sales volume by -42.69%. In the year 1982 the company decided to increase the selling price per unit and it was observed that the company was able to increase the total sales amount by 15.79%. Despite of the fact that companys market share and change in the total market share experienced a decrease, the company was able to increase the total sales volume by 1287000. Hence this shows that the companys decision to raise the price level in the year January of 1982 was a good one (Shen et al.). In the show the rationale and the comparison for consideration of this decision is shown below with the following details: Selling Season Industry Total Sale of Sheridan Market Share Change in Market Share Sheridan's Selling Price per Unit Total Sales Volume Change in Sales Volume 1980-1 549000 192000 5.2 998400 1980-2 517500 181000 5.2 941200 1980 1066500 373000 34.97% 1939600 1981-1 387000 135500 3.9 528450 1981-2 427500 149500 3.9 583050 1981 814500 285000 34.99% 0.017% 1111500 -42.69% 1982-1 450000 135000 5.2 702000 1982-2 562500 112500 5.2 585000 1982 1012500 247500 24.44% -10.546% 1287000 15.79% Reference List :- Deng, Liurui, and Bolin Ma. "Application of adversarial risk analysis model in pricing strategies with remanufacturing."Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, vol. 8, Vicenc Fernandez, Barcelona, 2015..doi:10.3926/jiem.1223 Huang, Hu, and Hua Ke. "Pricing decision problem for substitutable products based on uncertainty theory."Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 2014..doi:10.1007/s10845-014-0991-7 Oh, Sechan, James Rhodes, and Ray Strong. "Impact of cost uncertainty on pricing decisions under risk aversion."European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 253, Elsevier Sequoia S.A, Amsterdam, 2016..doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2016.02.034 Sato, Kimitoshi, and Katsushige Sawaki. "A continuous-time dynamic pricing model knowing the competitors pricing strategy."European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 229, 2013..doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2013.02.022 Shen, Luxi, et al. "Overpredicting and Underprofiting in Pricing Decisions."Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, vol. 25, Wiley Subscription Services, Inc, Chichester, 2012..doi:10.1002/bdm.746 Wu, Cheng-Han. "Product-design and pricing strategies with remanufacturing."European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 222, Elsevier B.V, Amsterdam, 2012..doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2012.04.031

The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster Essay Example

The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster Paper â€Å"In the beginning there was the Word, and the Word was ‘Arrrgh! ’†. These famous lines taken from Piraticus 13:7 are the first words you will see in the Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Many do not know what exactly Pastafarianism is, and so I am here to spread the Word! Pastafarians stand for all that is good, and are against all that is bad. What more could someone ask for? The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, while having existed in secrecy for millions of years only recently came into the mainstream in May of 2005. But what do they stand for, and what exactly are their beliefs? In May of 2005, an open letter to the Kansas School Board from concerned citizen Bobby Henderson sparked the mass intro of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster into our society. Some claimed that the church is purely a thought experiment, satire, illustrating that Intelligent Design is not science, but rather a pseudoscience manufactured by Christians to push Creationism into public schools. But Bobby knew better, and wrote his letter to express his concern. In the words of Bobby Henderson himself, â€Å"With millions, if not thousands, of devout worshippers, the Church of the FSM is widely considered a legitimate religion, even by its opponents – mostly fundamentalist Christians, who have accepted that our God has larger balls than theirs. † A lot of people can’t bring themselves to understand this religion. Before I delve farther into what exactly this religion is, I would like to share what they consider the basic beliefs that they all share. By design, the only dogma allowed in the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster is that there is no dogma allowed. We will write a custom essay sample on The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are absolutely no strict rules and regulations, there are no written rituals and prayers that must be abided by, and every single member gets a say in what the Church is and what it becomes. Due to this, the religion is actually quite difficult to clearly define what the religion is. According to them, they have a set of general beliefs that are as follows. First, they believe that pirates, the original pastafarians, were simply peaceful explorers and that due to Christian misinformation, they received an outlook of outcast criminals. To them, this is completely untrue. Next, they are extremely fond of beer and other alcoholic beverages. To them, this is basically the equivalent of holy water. Every single Friday is a religious holiday and is to be treated as such. Another belief is that they should never take themselves too seriously. This religion wasn’t founded by a group of â€Å"uptight† individuals. Finally, they embrace contradictions. These aforementioned aspects are considered the core beliefs of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. The central belief is that an invisible and undetectable Flying Spaghetti Monster created the  universe  after drinking heavily. According to these beliefs, the Monsters intoxication was the cause for a flawed  Earth. Furthermore, according to Pastafarianism, all evidence for evolution was planted by the Flying Spaghetti Monster in an effort to test Pastafarians faith—parodying certain  biblical literalists. When scientific measurements such as  radiocarbon dating  are taken, the Flying Spaghetti Monster is there changing the results with His Noodly Appendage. The Pastafarian conception of  Heaven  includes a  beer  volcano and a  stripper  factory. The Pastafarian  Hell  is similar, except that the beer is stale and the strippers have  sexually transmitted diseases. According to Pastafarian beliefs,  pirates  are absolute divine beings and the original Pastafarians. Furthermore, Pastafarians believe that pirates image as thieves and outcasts is misinformation spread by Christian theologians in the  Middle Ages  and by  Hare Krishna’s. Instead, Pastafarians believe that they were peace-loving explorers and spreaders of good will who distributed candy to small children, adding that modern pirates are in no way similar to the fun-loving buccaneers from history. In addition, Pastafarians believe that ghost pirates are responsible for all of the mysteriously lost ships and planes of the  Bermuda Triangle. Pastafarians celebrate  International Talk like a Pirate Day on September 19th. The inclusion of pirates in Pastafarianism was part of Hendersons original letter to the Kansas State Board of Education, in an effort to illustrate that†correlation does not imply causation†. Henderson presented the argument that global warming, earthquakes, hurricanes, and other natural disasters  are a direct effect of the shrinking numbers of pirates since the 1800s.   A chart accompanying the letter shows that as the number of pirates decreased, global temperatures increased. This parodies the suggestion from some religious groups that the high numbers of disasters, famines and wars in the world is due to the lack of respect and worship towards their deity. In 2008, Henderson interpreted the growing pirate activities at the  Gulf of Ade n  as additional support, pointing out that  Somalia  has the highest number of pirates and  the lowest  carbon emissions  of any country. There are 7 occurrences of celebration within the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. The first is Pastover, in which pastafarians around the world are encouraged to eat copious amounts of pasta which is cooked â€Å"in his image† by family members dressed as pirates. A common practice on this day is the passing of the eye patch, in which each family member takes turn wearing the eye patch and explains why he/she is happy to have been â€Å"touched by his noodly appendages†. Next is Ramendan, in which pastafarians are encouraged to eat only ramen noodles and remember their times of eating quality pasta. Then there’s Halloween, a time of remembrance of when Pirates walked the earth freely. A little known fact is that pirates were well known for passing out candy on this day but the practice dwindled as they became more and more persecuted. Next, on September 19th, is International Talk like a Pirate Day, in which pastafarians everywhere are encouraged to return to their pirate ancestor’s native tongue. Another important holiday is Friday. Every Friday, to be exact, is a holiday to the Pastafarians. On this day, they are to pay homage to their beer volcanoes and stripper factories. Finally is Holiday, which basically covers all the commercial holidays. To be a world religion, there are seven things that generally must be met. The first is the experiential aspect in which you look at what that started it all. Although the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster has existed for â€Å"millions, if not thousands† of years, the main point that brought it into the mainstream was Bobby Henderson’s letter to the Kansas School Board expressing his concern about their denial of his alternative theory. From that point on, Pastafarianism exploded into the mainstream, and since then it has only expanded and grown. In fact, according to them, you don’t even have to actually believe in the FSM to be a member. In their own words, â€Å"For the same reason that many in other religions don’t literally believe their scripture, you can be a Pastafarian without being a True Believer of our scripture. In other words, do you know Christians who don’t take the Bible literally – but who consider themselves True Christians, nonetheless? So do I. In fact, True Belief is not often a requirement of religion. Most religions are comprised of a group of people with similar – but not exact – world views. Pastafarianism is no different in that regard. † Next is the aspect involving myth. Here, we examine the storied that aren’t necessarily true scientifically, but convey important truths about life. One example of this is the FSM story of creationism. The story begins with the creation of the universe by an invisible and undetectable Flying Spaghetti Monster. On the first day, the Flying Spaghetti Monster separated the water from the heavens; on the second, because He could not tread water for long and had grown tired of flying, He created the land—complemented by a beer volcano. Satisfied, the Flying Spaghetti Monster overindulged in beer from the beer volcano and woke up hung over. Between drunken nights and clumsy afternoons, the Flying Spaghetti Monster produced seas and land for a second time, accidentally, because he forgot that he created it the day before along with Heaven and a midget, which he named Man. Man and an equally short woman lived happily in the Olive Garden of Eden for some time until the Flying Spaghetti Monster caused a global flood in a cooking accident. This gives us a clear and understandable way to interpret how something as large as the Earth was made. Next is Doctrinal, which involve creeds, gospels, and things of that nature. One way in which the Church of the FSM meets this standard is in its adaptation of the 10 commandments. This gives the pastafarians a clear list of things to do in order to get into Heaven. The story goes that Captain Mosey ascended Mount Salsa and received 10 pieces of advice from the Flying Spaghetti Monster. These pieces of advice are contained in the book known as â€Å"The Eight ‘I’d Really Rather You Didn’ts. † The reason there are only eight is due to the fact that on the way back down from Mount Salsa, Captain Mosey ropped two of them. This event partly accounts for Pastafarians flimsy moral standards. The Flying Spaghetti Monsters commandments address worship of Him, the treatment of people of other faiths, sexual conduct, and nutrition. The fourth aspect is ethical. In this, we examine what the religion says is good or bad. Here, we can again look at the wonderful story of Captain Mosey. Again referring to the â€Å"Eight I’d Really Rather You Didn’ts†, we can get a better picture of their moral code. The first says that they are not to â€Å"act like sanctimonious holier-than-thou people when talking about His Holy Goodness. He goes on to say that if someone doesn’t believe in Him, it is okay. The second says not to use His Noodly Goodness as a means to oppress others. In His words, â€Å"Purity is for drinking water, not people†. Third, he talks about not judging people for the way they look, talk, dress, or choose to live their life. If they want to engage in homosexual relations, let them. â€Å"One is not better than the other, unless were talking about fashion and Im sorry, but I gave that to women and some guys who know the difference between teal and fuchsia. I am not going to go over all eight of them in this paper, but the point is that they do indeed have a set of commandments much like another well-known religion. Next is ritual, in which we look at the varying rituals involved in the Church of the FSM. Actually, there are no mandatory religions involved in the Church of the FSM. However, there are rituals that are encouraged to be practiced during events such as holidays. One o f which I mentioned earlier, in which the passing of the eye patch takes place. Here, each member of the family takes turns wearing the holy eye patch and sharing why he or she is blessed to have been touched by His Noodly Appendages. The fifth aspect is the social aspect. Here, we look at the communities involved within the religion. The Church of the FSM does not have a set, established church anywhere. Instead, they believe that the Earth is their â€Å"church† and that wherever they happen to meet is okay with them, as many of them are â€Å"too lazy to be bothered to get up at seven in the morning and go to some building to be told what to believe†. They do however hold things uch as parades in order to unite together as â€Å"one under His Noodly Appendages†. Finally, there is the material aspect. In the Church of the FSM, one of the Eight I’d Really Rather You Didn’ts is that they are not to spend billions of dollars erecting statues, cathedrals, and other items of worship when the money could go to â€Å"stopping world hunger, healing the sick, helping the homeless, and lowering the cost of cable. † However, there are many pieces of art created by a slew of talented ten year olds that serve to allow His Noodly Appendages to continue to touch those around us for millions of years to come. As we can see, this religion has actually had a huge impact on our society since it went mainstream in 2005. People all over the world are changing to better serve his Holy Goodness and help those around them. If you look at the Church as a whole, not one death has occurred due to it, and â€Å"certainly no wars and slaughters were caused by it, much like another religion†. The FSM has allowed us to take a step back and look at what we believe in, and determine what actually makes sense. By creating a religion completely based off of one guy’s imagination and determination for people to open their eyes and look at what they preach, the Church of the FSM has helped many to become better people, and it will continue to do so throughout the years as more and more people become aware of his Noodly Goodness. Works Cited 1. www. venganza. org. 2. The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Author: Bobby Henderson Published: 2005. 3. http://politics. gather. com/viewArticle. action? articleId=281474976877085 4. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster#Pastafarian_Creation_Myth

Illegal immigration in the US

Illegal immigration in the US Illegal immigration is one of the main disasters of the USA. One of the main problems connected with the immigration is Mexico and its border. The Mexico illegal immigrants remain one of the most devastating problems of the USA. One of the main problems which the USA considers as important is illegal job positions. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Illegal immigration in the US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the situation may be considered from another side. The USA is full of Mexican immigrants because they remain in demand in the country. If US employees were not interested in Mexican workers, the illegal immigrants would leave to another county. Therefore, the battle with illegal immigrants should start with either understanding the necessity of the immigration policy change or with making more severe the conditions for those who employ illegal immigrants. The problem is rather controversial and deserves much attention. Immigrants are different, however, there are many cases when illegal immigrants bring more good for the society in comparison with those who are the native citizens of the country. I like the offer of John F. Kavanaugh who is sure that illegal Mexican citizens should be offered the legal positions if they work and bring profit to the country. Of course, such offer is too general and immigration law should be changed in this way. It is important to think about the details of the changes to make sure that only those immigrants are offered legal placement who are really useful to the country. Those immigrants who managed to find jobs and bring profit to the American society should become the respected citizens of this country. Mexican immigrants are numerous in the USA. Many reasons make these people come to this country. Most of Mexicans come to the USA to protect themselves and give better lives to their children. There are those who hide from the police and other r easons why Mexicans appear in the USA. Of course, the changes are necessary and having the prohibition law and the measures aimed at reducing the number of illegal immigrants from Mexico, USA becomes the country of residence of many illegal immigrants. One of the main reasons of this situation is the necessity of American employees in illegal workers. The level of fines is too high, however, employees still continue hiring illegal immigrants as these people are ready to work for lower salaries and there is no need to pay for these people taxes. The situation may be corrected on by the changes in immigration policy. If people want to become the citizens of the USA, they are to prove that the USA needs these people. Having found the job and having shown that a person works for the benefit of the USA, he/she may be accepted as the deserving member of the US society. There are a lot of cases when illegal immigrants bring more profit to the USA than its legal citizens, native inhabitant s. Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The changes in the immigration law may help open the doors to those who really need it. However, the police should pay attention to the fact that the number of those who do not bring any profit and just create additional problems may increase. Therefore, the changes should be made with regard to the negative effect and only with the agreement of the police structures who are gong to be responsible for maintaining order.

Racism in Criminal justice system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Racism in Criminal justice system - Essay Example It is something that occurs more than we notice. Many scholars believe that racism play a more important role in targeting and sentencing process in the criminal justice system and this is something which should not happen in any country no matter what. Racism plays an essential role before the criminal reaches the day of sentencing in the court. There are various publications that speak on profiling and actuarial methods which unwillingly get people into the system. Though these are two major components of the discriminatory acts that exist within the criminal justice system, it does not actually begin with these institutionalized methods. It is the laws and crime control policies that create discrimination in the system. It has been witnessed that in some instances these laws and policies are set in favor of the white people and in opposition to the black ones. The involvement of government is also essential in such situations. It is their responsibility to finish racism with the c riminal justice system so that each and every citizen could live a peaceful life. Government should also make sure that every citizen gets equal rights. In this paper, a detailed discussion has been done on the racial disparities in criminal justice system along with its adverse effects to the community. ... This shows that racism does exist. According to you what should have been done in that situation? One possibility was to arrange a meeting between the police chief and other senior members to discuss about how the newcomers to the community were affecting law enforcement. It is better to make an attempt to explain the laws to the newcomers so that such incidents could be avoided in the future. The American citizens should put in efforts to communicate and work out with the police to help the newcomers so that they could be given proper education regarding the rules and regulations. This attempt could certainly produce a positive change at the institutional level. It is quite true that we can never be entirely free of racial prejudice. Therefore we should have the ability to identify and address racism because it results the unearned privileges of some and imposes unfair limitations on others. The economic stability of a group of people is closely linked with racism and unless it is s tudied thoroughly, a community building effort will not reach its full potential. Racial prejudice and racism have been commonly practiced in the U.S. by the people with European background against various other groups, such as African-Americans or Latinos (Silas, 10). However, racial prejudice and racism also lead to tensions between people of non-European descent, for example the tensions between African Americans and Asian Americans. As the U.S. becomes more diverse and the people all over the globe more educated, we must make certain efforts to reduce hostility which creates differences in our physical traits and other aspects. No matter what culture you belong, it is quite obvious that

Europe in the International Economic Order Research Paper

Europe in the International Economic Order - Research Paper Example The European Union was formed with the aim of strengthening the economic and political powers of the European countries and emerge as an international superpower. The emergence of the Euro is also a part of this project. Euro was introduced as a common currency for the participating European nations to remove the exchange rate risks within the internal market, to boost up trade across nations and most importantly to bring in monetary stability in Europe. (Fedee, n.d.) Another major purpose was to challenge the increasingly monopolistic power of the currency dollar as a single international currency and to rescue its members from the fluctuations of the dollar. The introduction of Euro has been the most important development in the international economy; it has become the major medium of trade especially in the euro area and other European countries. â€Å" Euro has played a major role in fostering harmony among diverse economies, which had conflicting monetary and fiscal policies, t ariffs and other restrictions on trade and investments† quotes Haruhiko Kuroda, head of Asian Development Bank at this years Brussels Economic forum (Vucheva, 2009). The Eurozone formed covering 11 countries in 1999, â€Å"Belgium, Germany, Spain, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal and Finland† (Q&A: Euro basics, 2002). Greece was allowed to join only after 2001, later Slovenia Malta and Cyprus followed the suit, Slovakia became the 16th country to join the group. (Vucheva, 2009) Joining Eurozone it had the advantage of trading its inflation prone home currency to the stable Euro. It also gained an upper hand in the borrowing activities, which led to an increase in liquidity in the market which in turn improved the standard of living of the Greek citizens. Loans for individuals, governments as well as corporate houses were available at very low-interest rates, which are available only among the developed nations like Germany.  

Ethical Lens Essay Example for Free

Ethical Lens Essay During the Ethical Lens Inventory exercise that I did, I learned that I do not really have a personal preferred ethical lens. I see the gifts and the weaknesses of each lens and I am able to move fluidly among them to adapt the right tools to each situation to assure the best outcome. I am able to use my reasoning skills to determine my duties, as well as the universal rules and the systems that will assure fairness and justice for everyone. I also listen to my intuition to determine the greatest good for each individual, as well as the virtues that will best serve the community. I have either a mature ability to use the right tools in a given situation or a paralyzed belief that everyone has a valid point. Although each of us has preferred lens, some who are ethically mature and able to use the tools of all the lenses, adapting them as appropriate in a given situation, test in the center of the grid. Others who test in the center of the grid actually have underdeveloped ethical skills. Those without skills tend to be paralyzed by their ability to see all sides and are too desperate to please everyone. I personally think I do more of the being desperate to please everyone than the not being able to see all sides of the situation. I was able to get this information from the exercise I did at: http://www. ethicsgame. com/Exec/Eli/EthicalLensResults. aspx? R=1 My Core Values are: Autonomy, Equality, Rationality and Sensibility. I value autonomy and equality equally and I value rationality and sensibility equally. My Classic Values are: Temperance, Prudence, Justice and Fortitude. I am able to manifest all four classic virtues depending on what the circumstances require. My Key Phrase is: â€Å"I make ethical choices for myself and others. † I am able to see myself and others clearly, therefore I do not make assumptions about why people act the way they do or how things should be done. My Definition of Ethical Behavior is: Doing the Right Thing. I tend to hold this high standard for myself but I do not judge others who fall short, so long as their intentions were honorable. My Tools for Analyzing Problems are: Reason, Experience, Authority and Tradition. I am comfortable using all available tools to analyze a problem. These can include critical thinking skills, reference to experts, my own past experience and the traditions of the community. My Gift to the community is balance among all four lenses, because I can see the benefits of each of the lenses and I can use the tools of all of them. The mature expression of this position has no blind spot. I am able to see both the strengths and the weaknesses of each lens and to harmonize the four core values of autonomy, equality, rationality and sensibility. Discernment comes with ethical maturity and provides direction in specific situations. My Risk is: Inaction. I run the risk of seeing everything and deciding nothing if I am not self-aware. As one who sees the legitimacy of everyone’s point of view, I am particularly prone to delay or outright inaction. My Temptation is: Superiority. Believing that my balanced vantage point gives me a superior ability to resolve ethical dilemmas, I may convince myself that I have all the answers and do not need any input from others. My Vice is: Insistence on Agreement. By insisting that everyone validate all points of view as I do before moving forward, I become tyrannical and may actually provoke dissenters into sabotaging the process as the only way they feel they can maintain the integrity of their different viewpoint. My Crisis is: Confusion. Unless I develop the practice of mindfulness and reflection, at some point I will become confused and find that I have lost my moral compass. The downside of being able to see everyone else’s perspective is that I can lose track of my own. My Seeing Clearly is: Listen to my heart; use my head; act with confidence. To see more clearly, I need to first consider the nature of the problem. Then I need to use both my head and my heart to discern which course of action will best manifest interdependence. Once I have assessed the ramifications of the various options, I will need to act with confidence and courage. Although there may be more than one way to resolve a problem, some actually are better than others. I think I could use my personal ethics to determine a course of action by knowing how I feel about the situation along with all the circumstances involving the situation.